Table 1.
Properties of ionic channels/receptors expressed within the urinary bladder urothelium
| Channel/Receptor | Activator(s) |
|---|---|
| TRPV1 | Heat (>43°C), low pH, anandamide, vanilloids |
| TRPV2 | Noxious heat (>53°C), mechanical |
| TRPV4 | Moderate heat (>24°C), cell swelling, 4α-PDD, 5′6′−EET |
| TRPM8 | Cold (8–28°C), menthol, icilin |
| TRPA1 | Mechanical, cinnamaldehyde, isothiocyanate |
| P2X (1–7) | ATP |
| P2Y (P2Y2/P2Y4) | Nucleotides (ATP; UTP; ADP) |
| P1 | Adenosine |
| Adrenergic alpha (–1, –2) | Endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine; epinephrine) |
| Adrenergic beta (–1, –2, –3) | Endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine; epinephrine), isoproterenol |
| Cholinergic muscarinic (M1–M5) | Acetylcholine, muscarine |
| Cholinergic nicotinic (α3, α5, α7, α3, β4) | Acetylcholine, nicotine, choline, cystisine |
| Estrogen Receptor (alpha; beta) | Estradiol, estrogen derivatives, selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERM) |
| Degenerin/ENaC (DEG/ENaC) family (ENaC; ASIC) | Low pH, serum proteases, amiloride, mechanical? |
| Neurotrophins (trkA; p75; trkB) | NGF, BDNF |
| Bradykinin (B1; B2) | Bradykinin |
| Tachykinin (NK1; NK2) | Substance P, neurokinin A |
4α-PDD, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate; 5′6′-EET, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; NGF, nerve growth factor; BDNF, brain-derived nerve factor.