Abstract
The objectives of the present study were the subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains obtained from humans and different animal species using PCR-RFLP, and the detection, by means of the same technique, of strains related to serotype PEN O19:LIO 7, the main C. jejuni serotype linked to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Seventy C. jejuni strains isolated from human feces (n=33), primates (n=15), dogs (n=5), swine (n=2), bovines (n=1), abortion material from goats (n=2) and poultry carcasses (n=12), all collected in the state of São Paulo, were subtyped by means of PCR-RFLP of fla A gene, using restriction endonucleases Hae III, Afa I and Mbo I. Seven subtypes were observed when using the enzyme Hae III; eight when using Mbo I; and seven when using Afa I. The combination of the three endonucleases led to 16 fla-RFLP subtypes, from which ten subtypes shared strains of human and animal origin. From these, seven subtypes were observed in human and broiler strains. In eight subtypes, the other animal species shared patterns with human strains. It was inferred that, besides broilers, swine, goats, dogs and primates may be sources of infection for human in São Paulo. PCR-RFLP is a highly discriminatory technique that may be applied to molecular epidemiology studies of samples from different origins. Besides, the study also enabled the detection of two human strains and two primate strains related to serotype PEN O19: LIO 7.
Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, Paenibacillus sp., PCR-RFLP, subtyping, Guillain-Barré Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni is the most common cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries and the primary cause of enterites in industrialized regions (4, 27). Although recognized as an important pathogen for more than 20 years, its epidemiology is only partially understood (14), mainly in Brazil.
The internal variability observed in the flagelin gene sequence has been used as a base for C. jejuni subtyping methods, such as PCR-RFLP and sequencing (17, 24). The fla A gene has been frequently used in epidemiological studies in order to determine C. jejuni subtypes that may be involved in outbreaks, or even in sporadic cases of food borne disease (8, 11, 24).
During the last few years, an association between C. jejuni infection and two neurological emergent diseases has been demonstrated: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and Muller–Fisher Syndrome (MFS), a rare GBS variant (9,10). GBS is mostly characterized by acute inflammatory demyelinization of the peripheral nervous system (12). In serological studies, it has been observed that 40% of the GBS patients showed recent infection by C. jejuni, mainly associated with serotype PENO19:LIO 7 (1, 2, 20). Dourado et al.(7) demonstrated in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, an association between GBS and the detection of antibodies anti-Campylobacter jejuni and anti-gangliosides (GM1).
The objectives of the present study were the subtyping of different Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains isolated from humans and different animal species using PCR-RFLP, and to detect, by means of this technique, strains related to serotype PEN O19: LIO 7, in the state of São Paulo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty seven Campylobacter jejuni strains, previously isolated from bacteriological analysis (23) of 1,094 biological samples from different animal species and several locations in the state of São Paulo, were received in the Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas da Reprodução at Instituto Biológico. Other 33 C. jejuni strains of human origin, isolated from adults and children affected by diarrhea, were also studied. These feces samples were analyzed in clinical laboratories in the city of São Paulo (Table 1). The reference strain used was Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni Lior 7, from the National Enteric Reference Centre, Laboratory Center for Disesases Control, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, serotype LIO 7, according to the classification by Lior et al. (16).
Table 1.
List of the 70 C. jejuni field strains used in PCR-RFLP of fla A gene.
| Sample source (type of sample) | Total of samples | Strain denominations |
|---|---|---|
| Bovines (feces) | 1 | B1 |
| Swine (feces) | 2 | S1-S2 |
| Dogs (feces) | 5 | D1-D5 |
| Poultry (carcass) | 12 | P1-P12 |
| Monkeys (feces) | 15 | M1-M15 |
| Caprines (aborted fetuses) | 2 | CAPR1-CAPR2 |
| Humans (feces) | 33 | H1-H33 |
DNA preparation and PCR of fla A gene
C. jejuni strains were grown at 37°C for 48 h under microerophilic atmosphere (5% CO2) on blood Brucella agar (Difco-BBL). DNA was extracted by boiling, according to Nishimura et al. (18) and On et al. (19). Colonies obtained from 2 to 3 day-old cultures were used to prepare C. jejuni suspensions in 1.0 mL of ultrapure water (Milli-Q, Millipore Inc.), corresponding to 8 on the McFarland turbidity scale (2.3 x 109 bact/mL). These suspensions were heated at 100°C for 10 min. Five microliters of the suspension supernatant were used as templates. The oligonucleotides used as PCR primers were forward fla A primer 5’-TA CTA CAG GAG TTC AAG CTT-3’ and reverse fla A primer 5’-GT TGA TGT AAC TTG ATT TTG-3’ that represented the variable (V1) region, according to Nishimura et al. (18). PCR was performed with 1 x PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 200 μM dNTPs, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 40 pmol of each primer, 2.5 u Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen), and 5 μl DNA template. A 30-cycle reaction was run in a PTC 200 thermocycler (MJ Research) with 48 sec denaturing at 94°C, 36 sec annealing at 55°C, 2 min extension at 72°C and 10 min final extension at 72°C. The resulting product was approximately 702 bp. The amplified product from gene fla A was analyzed by means of 2.0% agarose gel electrophoresis in 0.5 X TBE buffer (0.045M TRIS-Borate and 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0). The gel was submitted to constant voltage equal to 5-6 V/cm, using a 100bp ladder as the standard marker (Invitrogen). Gel was stained with ethidium bromide 0.5 μg/mL, for 15 min and photographed under UV light (300-320nm) using a Kodak Digital Camera DC/120 Zoom. Images were analyzed by the 1D Image Analysis software (Kodak Digital Science).
PCR-RFLP
After amplification, DNA products were digested with restriction enzymes Hae III, Mbo I and Afa I (BioAgency BR). The reaction was carried out in a final volume equal to 20 μL for each enzyme containing; enzyme buffer, 6 μL amplified product and 10 U of enzyme, and was incubated for 3 h at 37°C (18). The digested product was analyzed by means of 3.0% agarose gel electrophoresis, using the same procedure described above.
RESULTS
PCR-RFLP using restriction endonuclease Hae III, applied to the 70 strains isolated and to the Lior 7 reference strain, produced 7 different restriction patterns, as shown in Table 2 and in Figure 1.a.
Table 2.
Restriction patterns of 70 Campylobacter jejuni strains, and the reference strain, obtained using restriction endonuclease Hae III applied to PCR-amplified 702 pb fragment of fla A gene.
| PCR-RFLP Hae III Pattern | Strain denominations |
|---|---|
| Pattern 1 | P3, P5, P6, P7, P10, H4, H6, H8, H12, H13, H14, H15, H22, H23, H26, H27, H28, H30, H32, H33, M6, M11, Capr1, Capr2 |
| Pattern 2 | P1, P2, P4, P11, P12, H1, H2, H3, H9, H10, H11, H18, H19, H20, H24, H25, H29, M1, M2, M3, M7, M8, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, B1 |
| Pattern 3 | H16 |
| Pattern 4 | H5, H7, P5, P15, Lior 7 |
| Pattern 5 | P8, P9, H17, H21, H31, S1, S2 |
| Pattern 6 | M4, M13, M14 |
| Pattern 7 | M9, M10, M12 |
B= Bovine, D= Dog, P= Poultry, H= Human, M= Monkey, S= Swine, Capr=Caprine, Lior 7= reference strain
Figure 1.
Representative restriction endonuclease digests of PCR-amplified 702 bp fragment of Campylobacter jejuni fla A gene. RFLP patterns were as follows: seven Hae III patterns, lanes 1-7, respectively (a); eight Mbo I patterns, lanes 1-8, respectively (b); seven Afa I patterns, lanes 1-7 respectively (c). Lane M: 100 bp DNA Ladder (Invitrogen).
PCR-RFLP applied to 70 strains and to the reference strain, using restriction endonuclease Mbo I, produced 8 different restriction patterns, as presented in Table 3 and Figure 1.b.
Table 3.
Restriction patterns of 70 Campylobacter jejuni strains, and the reference strain, obtained using restriction endonuclease Mbo I applied to PCR-amplified 702 pb fragment of fla A gene.
| PCR-RFLP Mbo I Pattern | Strain denominations |
|---|---|
| Pattern 1 | P1, P2, P7, P8, P9, P11, H4, H9, H10, H11, H13, H15, H16, H17, H19, H20, H22, H23, H24, H25, H26, H28, H29, H30, H33, M7, M9, B1, D1, D5, S1, |
| S2, Capr1, Capr2 | |
| Pattern 2 | H18, M1, M2, M3, D2, D4 |
| Pattern 3 | H1, H2, D3, H5, H7, H8, H33, M5, M15, Lior 7 |
| Pattern 4 | P4, P5, P6, P12, H3, H6, H12, H14, H32, M8 |
| Pattern 5 | M4, M13, M14 |
| Pattern 6 | P3, P10, H27, M6, M11 |
| Pattern 7 | H21 |
| Pattern 8 | M10, M12 |
B= Bovine, D= Dog, P= Poultry, H= Human, M= Monkey, S= Swine, Capr=Caprine, Lior 7= reference strain
PCR-RFLP applied to 70 strains and to the reference strain Lior 7, using restriction endonuclease Afa I, produced 7 different restriction patterns, as presented in Table 4 and Figure 1.c.
Table 4.
Restriction patterns of 70 Campylobacter jejuni strains, and the reference strain, obtained using restriction endonuclease Afa III applied to PCR-amplified 702 pb fragment of fla A gene.
| PCR-RFLP Afa I Pattern | Strain denominations |
|---|---|
| Pattern 1 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, H3, H6, H9, H10, H11, H14, H16, H17, H19, H20, H21, H24, H25, H27, H22, H23, H31, M6, M7, M8, M9, M14, D1, D5, S1, S2 |
| Pattern 2 | M4, M13, B1 |
| Pattern 3 | P6, P7, H1, H2, H4, H12, H13, H15, H26, H28, H29, H30, H32, D3, |
| Capr1, Capr2 | |
| Pattern 4 | M11 |
| Pattern 5 | H18, M1, M2, M3, D2, D4 |
| Pattern 6 | M10, M12, |
| Pattern 7 | H5, H7, H8, M5, M15, H33, Lior 7 |
B= Bovine, D= Dog, P= Poultry, H= Human, M= Monkey, S= Swine, Capr=Caprine, Lior 7= reference strain
The combination of the three restriction endonucleases - Hae III, Mbo I and Afa I – applied to the 70 C. jejuni strains and to the reference strain Lior 7, showed 16 different C. jejuni subtypes differentiated by PCR-RFLP, as shown in Table 5. The procedure showed high heterogeneity between the subtypes.
Table 5.
Subtypes based on the combination of the restriction profiles obtained with the three restriction endonucleases used, Hae III, Mbo I and Afa I, applied to the 70 Campylobacter jejuni strains and to the reference strain Lior 7.
| RFLP Subtypes (Hae III, Mbo I and Afa I) | Strain denominations |
|---|---|
| fla-RFLP 1 | D1 D5 P1 P2 P11 H9 H10 H11 H19 H20 H24 H25 M7 |
| fla-RFLP 2 | D2 D4 M1 M2 M3 M10 M12 M13 H18 |
| fla-RFLP 3 | P7 H4 H13 H15 H26 H28 H30 M11 Capr1 Capr2 |
| fla-RFLP 4 | P8 P9 H17 H21 H31 S1 S2 |
| fla-RFLP 5 | P4 P12 H3 M4 M8 M14 |
| fla-RFLP 6 | P5 H6 H14 M6 |
| fla-RFLP 7 | H5 H7 M5 M15 Lior 7 |
| fla-RFLP 8 | H1 H2 D3 |
| fla-RFLP 9 | P3 H27 P10 |
| fla-RFLP 10 | P6 H12 H32 |
| fla-RFLP 11 | H22 H23 |
| fla-RFLP 12 | H16 |
| fla-RFLP 13 | M9 |
| fla-RFLP 14 | H8 H33 |
| fla-RFLP 15 | B1 |
| fla-RFLP 16 | H29 |
B= Bovine, D= Dog, P= Poultry, H= Human, M= Monkey, S= Swine, Capr=Caprine, Lior 7= reference strain
Table 5 shows that the combination of the three restriction endonucleases produced 16 fla-RFLP subtypes. From these, four subtypes comprised only strains of human origin (fla-RFLP 11, 12, 14 and 16); two subtypes (fla-RFLP 13 and 15) involved only strains of animal origin and the other subtypes shared human and animal strains. The subtypes fla-RFLP 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10 comprised human and poultry strains and the subtypes fla-RFLP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 the other animal species shared patterns with human strains.
Subtype fla-RFLP 1 was the most frequent one, involving 13 (18,6%) from the 70 field strains analyzed, followed by subtype fla-RFLP 2 with 9 (12,8%) and fla-RFLP 3, with 10 (14.3%) strains, and by subtype fla- RFLP 4, with seven strains (10%). The other strains were grouped in the 12 remaining subtypes (fla-RFLP 5 and 16), ranging from one to six strains per subtype (Table 5).
Detection of serotype PENO19:LIO:7 using PCR-RFLP
Serotype PENO19:LIO:7 was detected by means of PCR-RFLP in the reference strain Lior 7 and in four C. jejuni strains: two human strains (H5 and H7) and two strains from primates (M5 and M15). Restriction pattern of fla-RFLP 7 (Table 5) obtained by the combination of the enzymes Hae III (Pattern 4), Mbo I (Pattern 3) and Afa I (Pattern 7) corresponded to subtype Cj-1, described by Nishimura et al. (18) as the molecular standard significantly associated with serotype PENO19:LIO 7 (18, 26).
DISCUSSION
Bacteria in the Campylobacteraceae family are not frequently studied in microbiological routine. They are microaerophylic, adding a limiting factor for their isolation and to the systematic study of the epidemiology of different species and subtypes in the genus Campylobacter, mainly clinical strains (13, 14, 22). Besides, the genus has great public health importance because it involves several diarrhea-causing species (5).
In the comparison of C. jejuni strains obtained from different animal species and human strains previously isolated in clinical laboratories in the city of São Paulo, PCRRFLP showed that several human strains could be differentiated in distinct patterns or subtypes and grouped with strains from different animal species (Tables 2, 3 and 4).
In the present study, the 12 C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry were grouped with human strains in seven of the 16 subtypes generated by PCR-RFLP (Table 5).
The five C. jejuni strains isolated from dogs were grouped with human strains by PCR-RFLP in three subtypes. These animals were considered to be sources of C. jejuni infection for the group of humans studied.
The only bovine strain analyzed showed an exclusive PCR-RFLP pattern (fla –RFLP 15) and was not grouped with any human strain. In Europe and the United States, Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for sporadic outbreaks of intestinal campylobacteriosis (3, 21), with bovines playing a significant role as sources of human campylobacteriosis (Saito et al., 2005). According to Saito et al.(21), in Japan, the importance of bovines as sources of C. jejuni infection have not been totally elucidated, but studies indicate that a large proportion of bovines bred in Japan are intestinal carriers of C. jejuni. This fact would facilitate the occurrence of cross contamination in this country, once bovine liver and intestines are popular items in certain restaurants.
PCR-RFLP grouped samples common to poultry, humans and primates in four subtypes each. It should be considered that poultry meat was part of the diet of these animals, and may have been the source of infection for them.
The subtyping study showed that two strains isolated from two aborted goat fetuses from the same farm presented identical restriction patterns (fla-RFLP 3), indicating that the contamination of the two animals came from a common source. It should also be emphasized that goat strains were grouped with human strains, showing that this species may also be a source of human infection.
Due to the diversity of patterns grouping human strains with those of different animal origins, it may be observed that the source of Campylobacter spp. for humans was not restricted to poultry, in samples collected in the state of São Paulo. Swine, goats, dogs and primates may also be sources of human infection in our state.
Similar results were obtained by Nishimura et al. (18), using for the first time a combination of the same restriction endonucleases in PCR-RFLP of a 702 pb fragment of fla A gene. These authors observed 25 distinct patterns for 154 C. jejuni strains obtained from humans in China and Japan. Steinhauserova et al (25), in the Czech Republic, using the same fragment of fla A gene and the same enzymes, showed 22 patterns in 156 C. jejuni samples from humans and poultry. Tsai et al.(26), in Taiwan, obtained 45 different PCR-RFLP patterns using a combination of the three enzymes for the analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from 220 strains obtained from humans, poultry and dogs.
In the present study, in spite of the analysis of a greater diversity of animals, the number of patterns (n=16) was not substantially greater that observed by other authors (18, 25, 26).
Nishimura et al.(18) showed a correlation between PCR-RFPL and serotyping of strains from patients presenting Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and carrying serotype PENO19:LIO 7. These authors concluded that PCR-RFLP analysis for C. jejun may not only contribute for epidemiological subtyping studies, but also for the analysis of C. jejuni subtypes related to GBS.
In the present study, it was observed that subtype fla-RFLP 7 was grouped together with reference strain Lior 7, corresponding to serotype PENO19:LIO 7, two human strains (H5 and H7) and two primate strains (M5 and M15). Patterns obtained for these strains by means of the three restriction enzymes were similar to those observed by Nishimura et al. (18) in Japan and China, for human strains, and by Tsai et al. (26) in Taiwan, for dog strains. Therefore, the presence of serotype PENO19:LIO 7, main serotype related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), was demonstrated in the state of São Paulo.
Control and prevention strategies may not be developed and implemented without the adequate understanding of campylobacteriosis (14).
PCR-RFLP of fla A gene demands less equipment when compared with other subtyping techniques, such as sequencing and PFGE (6, 15). Besides, it is a simple, cheap and simple technique for the subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains and it is discriminatory enough to be applied to molecular epidemiology studies in samples isolated from different origins. Therefore, it is feasible to be used in human and veterinary laboratories (8, 14), enabling the detection of serotype PENO19:LIO 7 strains associated with GBS (Nishimura et al. 1996).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was financially supported by FAPESP – Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – research project # 2003/10776-4.
We thank Dra. Angela Cristina Rodrigues Ghilardi, from the Seção de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, for donation of the reference strain Lior 7.
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