Table 1.
Levels of selected chemical markers in a crude sample of propolis and its ethanol extract
| Chemical Composition | Crude sample | PEE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (mg/g) | Standard Deviation | Mean (mg/mL) | Standard Deviation | |
| 3-[4-hydroxy-3-(oxobutyl)-phenylacrylic acid | 3.355 | 0.053 | 0.855 | 0.014 |
| 3-prenyl-3(E)-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenol)-5- prenylcinnamic acid | 0.119 | 0.009 | 0.662 | 0.002 |
| 3-prenyl-4-(2-methylpropionyloxi)cinnamic acid | 0.698 | 0.025 | 0.185 | 0.016 |
| 3-prenyl-4-dihydrocynamoiloxicinnamic acid | 0.211 | 0.004 | 0.200 | 0.000 |
| Dihydrokaemferide | 0.312 | 0.005 | 0.341 | 0.018 |
| 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid | 1.891 | 0.013 | 3.239 | 0.090 |
| Caffeic acid | 0.292 | 0.001 | 0.125 | 0.006 |
| Caffeoylquinic acid 1 | 0.555 | 0.680 | 0.364 | 0.007 |
| Caffeoylquinic acid 2 | 0.684 | 0.564 | 0.081 | 0.023 |
| Caffeoylquinic acid 3 | 1.357 | 1.554 | 0.632 | 0.004 |
| Caffeoylquinic acid 4 | 2.491 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.000 |
| Caffeoylquinic acid 5 | 0.426 | 0.002 | – | – |
| Cinnamic acid | 8.084 | 0.138 | 3.484 | 0.010 |
| p-coumaric acid | 10.201 | 0.909 | 5.081 | 0.091 |
| Kaempferide | 4.511 | 0.073 | 1.248 | 0.029 |
| Kaempferol | 0.528 | 0.025 | 0.372 | 0.000 |
| Betuletol | 4.175 | 0.029 | 1.441 | 1.695 |
| 2.2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopirane | 4.093 | 0.002 | 2.612 | 0.056 |
| 2.2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopirano-6-propenoic acid | 1.639 | 0.052 | 1.019 | 0.002 |
| (E)-3-{4-hydroxy-3-[(E)-4-(2.3)-dihydrocynamoiloxi-3-methyl-2-butenyl]-5-prenylphenyl-2-propenoic acid | 1.710 | 0.019 | 0.580 | 0.545 |
| 3.4-dihydroxy-5-prenylcinnamic acid | 1.486 | 0.030 | 0.769 | 0.313 |
| 3.5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid | 19.627 | 0.428 | 11.525 | 0.078 |
| Total | 68.446 | 34.903 | ||