. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Violence. 2013 Apr 2;28(4):403–418. doi: 10.1007/s10896-013-9505-1

Table 2.

Odds Ratios from Logistic Regression by Country and From Hierarchical Linear Modeling Bernoulli Regression Including all Countries of Partner Aggression on Marital Status

Country	Male-to-female aggression reported by:		Female-to-male aggression reported by:
Country	Males	Females	Males	Females
	A. Cohabiting (compared to Married)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	--	--	--	--
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	--	--	--	--
India	--	--	--	--
*Australasia*
Australia	0.54 (0.15, 1.92)	1.79 (0.84, 3.81)	1.72 (0.76, 3.90)	1.50 (0.69, 3.27)
New Zealand	1.75 (0.91, 3.36)	1.95 (1.09, 3.48)^*	2.12^* (1.17, 3.87)	1.69 (1.03, 2.79)^*
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	---	1.25 (0.66, 2.40)	1.94 (1.03, 3.64)^*	---
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	0.67 (0.13, 3.37)	0.88 (0.17, 4.49)	1.79 (0.52, 6.10)	1.42 (0.45, 4.52)
United Kingdom	1.12 (0.60, 2.10)	1.68 (0.90, 3.13)	0.89 (0.50, 1.60)	1.39 (0.76, 2.54)
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	1.51 (0.40, 5.71)	2.96 (1.53, 5,73)^**^a	0.29 (0.04, 2.43) ^a	0.85 (0.32, 2.27)
Nicaragua	2.09 (0.82, 5.35)	1.49 (0.87, 2.55)	1.31 (0.53, 3.24)	1.35 (0.81, 2.26)
Belize	---	1.90 (1.11, 3.25)^*	2.29 (1.19, 4.40)^*	---
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	1.55 (0.58, 4.14)	0.90 (0.54, 1.49)	1.56 (0.50, 4.84)	1.80 (0.99, 3.30)
Argentina	2.20 (0.79, 6.11)	2.75 (1.27, 5.95)^*	2.82 (1.10, 7.22)^*	1.78 (0.80, 3.93)
Uruguay	7.56 (0.79, 72.43)	1.61 (0.53, 4.84)	7.14 (1.74, 29.24)^**	2.10 (0.75, 5.87)
Brazil	1.47 (0.57, 3.81)	1.53 (0.78, 3.03)	2.26 (0.80, 6.38)	1.65 (0.81, 3.36)
*North America, high income*
Canada	1.40 (0.92, 2.15)	1.81 (1.28, 2.56)^**	1.70 (1.25, 2.32)^**	1.53 (1.13, 2.08)^*
United States	---	1.83 (0.88, 3.81)	---	---
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	3.68 (1.51, 8.97)^**	1.41 (0.71, 2.78)	2.67 (1.04, 6.85)^*	1.98 (0.80, 4.88)
Nigeria	1.22 (0.35, 4.31)	---	0.99 (0.22, 4.42)	---
*Across all countries*	1.46 (1.14, 1.90)^**	1.55 (1.30, 1.86)^***	1.7 (1.43, 2.17)^***	1.59 (1.32, 1.91)^***
	B. Separated/divorced (compared to Married)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	--	--	--	--
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	---	1.39 (0.50, 3.90)	---	0.98 (0.21, 4.48)
India	---	0.41 (0.14, 1.19)	---	1.10 (0.14, 8.34)
*Australasia*
Australia	1.94 (0.62, 6.08)	5.19 (2.56, 10.52)^***	3.48 (1.36, 8.92)^**	3.18 (1.36, 7.46)^**
New Zealand	0.57 (0.13, 2.48)	1.78 (0.82, 3.90)	1.86 (0.72, 4.81)	0.29 (0.09, 0.96)^*
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	---	1.83 (1.18, 2.85)^**	1.60 (0.92, 2.77)	---
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	---	1.15 (0.24, 5.47)	---	1.13 (0.31, 4.14)
United Kingdom	1.16 (0.53, 2.53)	1.55 (087, 2.79)	1.66 (0.86, 3.21)	1.86 (1.09, 3.19)^*
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	---	1.39 (0.57, 3.38)	---	1.75 (0.66, 4.66)
Nicaragua	---	1.64 (0.54, 4.97)	---	0.62 (0.14, 2.69)
Belize	---	2.77^* (1.10, 7.00)	2.55 (0.56, 11.57)	---
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	---	1.03 (0.51, 2.09)	---	0.84 (0.30, 2.34)
Argentina	(0)^c	3.17 (1.36, 7.42)^**	2.33 (0.72, 7.53)	1.48 (0.54, 4.09)
Uruguay	7.10 (0.41, 123.37)	3.27 (1.17, 9.17)^*	2.08 (0.20, 21.24)	2.06 (0.64, 6.64)
Brazil	1.80 (0.37, 8.70)	1.20 (0.44, 3.28)	2.56 (051, 12.97)	0.96 (0.27, 3.38)
*North America, high income*
Canada	1.63 (0.98, 2.71)^*	4.48 (3.28, 6.13)^***^a	2.39(1.67,3.42) ^***^a	1.79 (1.25,2.55) ^***
United States	---	4.45 (2.49, 7.97)^***	---	---
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	2.03 (0.79, 5.21)	0.51 (0.22, 1.19)	0.89 (0.25, 3.10)	0.39 (0.09, 1.68)
Nigeria	1.22 (0.35, 4.26)	2.76^* (1.22, 6.21)	2.15 (0.70, 6.60)	3.47 (1.40, 8.57)^**
*Across all countries*	1.02 (0.67, 1.56)	1.87^ (1.34, 2.61)**	1.81 (1.38, 2.37)^***	1.18 (0.79, 1.75)
	C. Single (compared to Married)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	0.29 (0.12, 0.71)^**	0.38 (0.17, 0.85)^*	0.44 (0.19, 1.03)	0.39 (0.18, 0.83)^*
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	1.05 (0.40, 2.76)	0.10 (0.01, 0.84) ^*^a	1.67 (0.59, 4.77) ^a	1.07 (0.31, 3.66)
India	0.03 (0.01, 0.11)^***	0.14 (0.05, 0.34)^***	0.02 (0.00, 0.19)^***	0.34 (0.04, 2.58)
*Australasia*
Australia	0.93 (0.33, 2.63)	3.67 (1.83, 7.39)^***	1.57 (0.67, 3.68)	1.82 (0.86, 3.84)
New Zealand	1.10 (0.53, 2.25)	1.05 (0.54, 2.02)	0.81 (0.40, 1.64)	0.80 (0.45, 1.41)
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	---	0.63 (0.37, 1.08)	0.60 (0.34, 1.07)	---
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	0.22 (0.05, 0.93)^*	0.73 (0.15, 3.48)	1.02 (0.35, 2.95)	0.24 (0.04, 1.27)
United Kingdom	0.68 (0.38, 1.23)	1.10 (0.62, 1.96)	0.73 (0.43, 1.22)	1.05 (0.61, 1.81)
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	0.84 (0.24, 3.01)	0.52 (0.23, 1.22)	1.56 (0.52, 4.72)	0.78 (0.34, 1.76)
Nicaragua	0.70 (0.24, 2.02)	0.54 (0.28, 1.03)	0.78 (0.30, 2.09)	0.66 (0.37, 1.17)
Belize	---	0.84 (0.45, 1.58)	0.86 (0.39, 1.87)	---
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	0.51 (0.16, 1.58)	0.16 (0.08, 0.33)^***^a	1.18 (0.36, 3.94) ^a	0.82 (0.41, 1.65)
Argentina	0.32 (0.10, 1.06)	1.11 (0.45, 2.73)	0.80 (0.30, 2.15)	0.71 (0.29, 1.76)
Uruguay	1.88 (0.18, 19.89)	1.50 (0.52, 4.32)	1.78 (0.39, 8.12)	1.03 (0.35, 3.05)
Brazil	0.69 (0.25, 1.87)	0.75 (0.36, 1.59)	1.25 (0.43, 3.65)	0.56 (0.25, 1.28)
*North America, high income*
Canada	0.94 (0.63, 1.41) ^b	2.09 (1.54, 2.83)^***^a	1.12 (0.83, 1.50) ^a	1.26 (0.94, 1.68) ^b
United States	---	1.40 (0.72, 2.72)	---	---
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	0.88 (0.50, 1.55)	0.22 (0.12, 0.39)^***	0.58 (0.28, 1.22)	0.45 (0.18, 1.15)
Nigeria	0.63 (0.33, 1.21) ^b	1.03 (0.55, 1.93)	0.88 (0.45, 1.72)	1.90 (0.98, 3.70) ^*^b
*Across all countries*	0.57 (0.38, 0.87) ^*	0.69 (0.45, 1.05)	0.80 (0.59, 1.10)	0.86 (0.66, 1.12)
	D. Cohabiting (compared to Single)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	--	--	--	--
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	--	--	--	--
India	--	--	--	--
*Australasia*
Australia	0.58 (0.14, 2.35)	0.49 (0.22, 1.06)	1.10 (0.44, 2.72)	0.82 (0.37, 1.83)
New Zealand	1.60 (0.74, 3.43)	1.86 (0.96, 3.61)	2.62 (1.27, 5.39)^**	2.12 (1.17, 3.85)^*
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	---	1.99 (0.98, 4.05)	3.20 (1.60, 6.44)^**	---
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	3.04 (0.47, 19.62)	1.22 (0.19, 7.98)	1.76 (0.46, 6.78)	6.02 (1.05, 34.47)^*
United Kingdom	1.64 (0.88, 3.06)	1.52 (0.81, 2.86)	1.23 (0.69, 2.17)	1.32 (0.71, 2.44)
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	1.80 (0.48, 6.79)	5.65 (2.42, 13.16) ^***^a	0.19 (0.02, 1.52) ^a	1.09 (0.40, 3.00)
Nicaragua	2.98 (1.26, 7.07)^*	2.77 (1.52, 5.02)^**	1.67 (0.70, 4.00)	2.06 (1.19, 3.57)^*
Belize	---	2.25 (1.26, 4.01)^**	2.67^** (1.35, 5.28)	---
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	3.06 (1.38, 6.82)^**	5.53 (2.96,10.31)^***^a	1.32 (0.59, 2.97) ^a	2.20 (1.29, 3.75)^**
Argentina	6.88 (2.52,18.79)^***	2.49 (1.09, 5.67)^*	3.51 (1.51, 8.15)^**	2.51 (1.08, 5.83)^*
Uruguay	4.03 (1.18, 13.79)^*	1.07 (0.42, 2.77)	4.02 (1.44, 11.20)^**	2.03 (0.84, 4.92)
Brazil	2.13 (0.83, 5.52)	2.03 (0.97, 4.25)	1.81 (0.71, 4.60)	2.94 (1.34, 6.45)^**
*North America, high income*
Canada	1.49 (0.97, 2.28)	0.87 (0.63, 1.20) ^a	1.52 (1.13, 2.06) ^**^a	1.22 (0.90, 1.64)
United States	---	1.31 (0.61, 2.83)	---	---
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	4.21 (1.63, 10.85)^**	6.43 (2.84, 14.58)^***	4.58 (1.58, 13.29)^**	4.38 (1.36, 14.10)^*
Nigeria	1.94 (0.51, 7.39)	--	1.13 (0.24, 5.38)	---
*Across all countries*	2.57 (1.74, 3.79)^***	2.26 (1.57, 3.24)^***	2.19 (1.50, 3.19)^***	1.85 (1.39, 2.47)^***
	E. Separated/divorced (compared to Single)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	--	--	--	--
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	---	13.37(1.45, 123.55)^*	---	0.91 (0.16, 5.28)
India	---	3.02 (0.75, 12.13)	---	3.24 (0.19, 55.17)
*Australasia*
Australia	2.08 (0.46, 9.35)	1.41 (0.60, 3.32)	2.23 (0.67, 7.42)	1.75 (0.63, 4.86)
New Zealand	0.52 (0.11, 2.52)	1.70 (0.66, 4.41)	2.29 (0.75, 6.99)	0.36 (0.10, 1.32)
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	---	2.91 (1.54, 5.48)^**	2.65 (1.29, 5.44)^**	---
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	---	1.59 (0.22, 11.73)	---	4.79 (0.67, 34.36)
United Kingdom	1.70 (0.69, 4.16)	1.41 (0.70, 2.84)	2.28 (1.06, 4.91)^*	1.77 (0.92, 3.42)
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	---	2.65 (0.90, 7.82)	---	2.25 (0.75, 6.73)
Nicaragua	---	3.03 (0.95, 9.70)	---	0.95 (0.21, 4.21)
Belize	---	3.29 (1.21, 8.92)^*	2.98 (0.62, 14.39)	---
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	---	6.35 (2.66, 15.13)^***	---	1.03 (0.36, 2.91)
Argentina	(0)^c	2.87 (1.06, 7.75)^*	2.90 (0.81, 10.34)	2.09 (0.67, 6.53)
Uruguay	3.78 (0.31, 46.24)	2.19 (0.70, 6.85)	1.17 (0.12, 11.52)	2.00 (0.55, 7.22)
Brazil	2.62 (0.50, 13.67)	1.58 (0.51, 4.90)	2.05 (0.40, 10.62)	1.71 (0.43, 6.79)
*North America, high income*
Canada	1.73 (0.97, 3.06) ^b	2.15 (1.53, 3.01)^***	2.15 (1.44, 3.18)^***	1.42 (0.96, 2.11) ^b
United States	--	3.19 (1.61, 6.31)^***	---	---
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	2.32 (0.84, 6.45)	2.33 (0.86, 6.28)	1.52 (0.38, 6.04)	0.86 (0.16, 4.63)
Nigeria	1.94 (0.49, 7.60)	2.67 (0.99, 7.22)	2.44 (0.69, 8.61)	1.82 (0.62, 5.33)
*Across all countries*	1.77 (1.18, 2.67)^*	2.71 (2.14, 3.44)^***	2.25 (1.67, 3.03)^***	1.37 (1.02, 1.84)^*
	F. Cohabiting (compared to Separated/divorced)
*Asia Pacific, high income*
Japan	--	--	--	--
*Asia other*
Kazakhstan	--	--	--	--
India	--	--	--	--
*Australasia*
Australia	0.28 (0.06, 1.41)	0.34 (0.14, 0.84)^*	0.49 (0.16, 1.51)	0.47 (0.17, 1.31)
New Zealand	3.08 (0.66, 14.43)	1.09 (0.45, 2.64)	1.14 (0.40, 3.24)	5.82 (1.67, 20.30)^**
*Europe, Central*
Czech Republic	--	0.69 (0.33, 1.41)	1.21 (0.57, 2.58)	--
*Europe, Western*
Isle of Man	--	0.77 (0.10, 6.01)	--	1.26 (0.26, 6.00)
United Kingdom	0.97 (0.39, 2.41)	1.08 (0.52, 2.27)	0.54 (0.24, 1.21)	0.74 (0.37, 1.51)
*Central America and Caribbean*
Costa Rica	--	2.13 (0.84, 5.43)	--	0.49 (0.14, 1.63)
Nicaragua	--	0.91 (0.30, 2.74)	--	2.18 (0.50, 9.48)
Belize	--	0.69 (2.68, 1.75)	0.90 (0.20, 4.05)	--
*South America and Tropical*
Peru	--	0.87 (0.42, 1.79)	--	2.14 (0.80, 5.72)
Argentina	(0)^c	0.87 (0.37, 2.06)	1.21 (0.36, 4.05)	1.20 (0.42, 3.43)
Uruguay	1.07 (0.10, 11.48)	0.49 (0.15, 1.58)	3.43 (0.38, 30.74)	1.02 (0.30, 3.47)
Brazil	0.81 (0.16, 4.10)	1.28 (0.44, 3.76)	0.88 (0.18, 4.42)	1.72 (0.47, 6.30)
*North America, high income*
Canada	0.86 (0.48, 1.54)	0.40 (0.28, 0.58) ^***^a	0.71 (0.48, 1.06) ^a	0.86 (0.57, 1.28)
United States	--	0.41 (0.19, 0.87)^*	--	--
*Sub-Saharan Africa*
Uganda	1.81 (0.53, 6.20)	2.76 (0.97, 7.86)	3.01 (0.67, 13.54)	5.10 (0.97, 26.88)
Nigeria	1.00 (0.18, 5.72)	--	0.46 (0.07, 2.90)	--
*Across all countries*	1.45 (0.91, 2.30)	0.83 (0.62, 1.11)	0.97 (0.70, 1.35)	1.35 (0.88, 2.08)

Note. 95% confidence intervals shown in brackets. A constant was included in all models and all analyses controlled for age (results not shown); respondents were not asked about aggression toward a partner (perpetration) in Belize, Czech Republic, or the USA.

Significant (p < .05) gender-by-marital status interaction for victimization.

Significant (p < .05) gender-by-marital status interaction for perpetration.

Separated/divorced men from Argentina reported no aggression toward an intimate partner.

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001.