Table 2. Psychological effects of heroin.

Measurements	Placebo	Heroin	p-value
HCQ: Desire to use heroin, mean (SD)	3.6 (0 to 14.5)	3.9 (0 to 15)	.849
HCQ: Intensions and plans to use heroin, mean (SD)	2.2 (0 to 9)	3.1 (0 to 9.5)	.005*
HCQ: Anticipation of positive outcome, mean (SD)	1.4 (0 to 6)	3.0 (0 to 14)	.056
HCQ: Relief from withdrawal/dysphoria, mean (SD)	1.0 (0 to 4)	3.1 (0 to 9)	.047*
HCQ: Lack of control over use, mean (SD)	3.3 (0 to 15)	2.0 (0 to 11.5)	.128
VAS: Intoxication, mean (SD)	1.1 (1.7)	3.7 (2.1)	.005*
VAS: Sedation, mean (SD)	1.7 (2.3)	3.3 (2.8)	.009*
VAS: Withdrawal, mean (SD)	3.7 (3.0)	0.4 (1.3)	.001*
VAS: Drug effect, mean (SD)	0.3 (1.0)	6.5 (2.9)	<.001*

HCQ: Heroin Craving Questionnaire; SaO₂: Blood oxygen saturation; SD: Standard deviation; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale;

^*: p<0.05.