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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2013 Aug 18;19(9):1178–1183. doi: 10.1038/nm.3289

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Parametric vessel vortex curves of a responding subject with recurrent glioblastoma. (a) Contrast agent enhanced MRI (T1-weighted) at baseline (days −5 and −1) and during anti-angiogenic therapy (days 1, 28, 56 and 112). (b) Contrast enhancing tumor regions outlined on MRI showing tumor center (blue) and tumor edge (red). (c) Vessel caliber MRI. (d) Corresponding average vessel vortex curves from all pair-wise gradient-echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) relaxation rate curves in the tumor center (blue vortex curves) and tumor edge (red vortex curves). Following anti-angiogenic drug administration, the contrast agent-enhanced tumor area recede while the average vessel vortex direction change from being predominantly counter-clockwise at baseline to a clockwise vortex direction during treatment (days 1 and 28), before reversing at day 56. This effect is most prominent in the tumor center and the subject was identified as a responder to the anti-angiogenic therapy by a relative increase image voxels with a clockwise vortex direction compared to the arithmetic mean of all subjects. (GEref, SEref = scaled to GE and SE reference curves, respectively).