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. 2013 Sep 11;4:272. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00272

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Copyright © 2013 Goggins, Chaney, Radford-Smith, Horvat and Keely.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Convergence of HIF, TGF-β, and SMAD pathways. The complexity of the signaling cascade by which HIF regulates integrin β₁ (ITGB1) and SMAD7 induction. At the site of the wound α3β₁ integrin inhibits SMAD7, promoting TGF-β₁ induction, which promotes restitution. How these factors interplay may be critical to our understanding of epithelial wound healing.