Table 1.
Characterization of Population Admixture along the Indian Cline
| Pop | Data Set | n | Language Family | Traditional Caste or Social Group | State/Territory | Latitude, Longitude | ANI% | Date of Mixture (gens) | Date of Mixture (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madiga | Reich et al.1 and this study | 13 (9) | Dravidian | lower caste | Andhra Pradesh | 17°58′N, 79°35′E | 32.0 ± 1.7 | 120 ± 21 | 3,480 |
| Mala | Reich et al.1 and this study | 13 (10) | Dravidian | lower caste | Andhra Pradesh | 17°22′N, 78°29′E | 34.3 ± 1.7 | 96 ± 16 | 2,784 |
| Kallara | Metspalu et al.7 | 8 | Dravidian | tribal | Tamil Nadu | 10°99′N, 78°22′E | 37.7 ± 1.8 | 113 ± 15 | 3,277 |
| Vysya | Reich et al.1 and this study | 14 (10) | Dravidian | middle caste | Andhra Pradesh | 14°41′N, 77°39′E | 37.9 ± 1.8 | 144 ± 27 | 4,176 |
| Chamara | Metspalu et al.7 | 10 | Indo-European | tribal | Uttar Pradesh | 25°37′N, 83°04′E | 38.7 ± 1.7 | 113 ± 13 | 3,277 |
| Bhil | Reich et al.1 and this study | 17 (10) | Indo-European | tribal | Gujarat | 23°02′N, 72°40′E | 38.9 ± 1.6 | 78 ± 7 | 2,262 |
| Scheduled caste/tribea | Metspalu et al.7 | 6 | Dravidian | lower caste | Tamil Nadu | 21°46′N, 86°78′E | 40.5 ± 1.9 | 83 ± 21 | 2,407 |
| Dushadha | Metspalu et al.7 | 7 | Indo-European | lower caste | Uttar Pradesh | 25°44′N, 84°56′E | 41.0 ± 1.8 | 107 ± 13 | 3,103 |
| Velamaa | Metspalu et al.7 | 9 | Dravidian | upper caste | Andhra Pradesh | 17°05′N, 79°27′E | 43.4 ± 1.7 | 85 ± 15 | 2,465 |
| Dharkara | Metspalu et al.7 | 11 | Indo-European | nomadic group | Uttar Pradesh | 25°44′N, 83°1′E | 47.8 ± 1.5 | 64 ± 11 | 1,856 |
| Kanjara | Metspalu et al.7 | 8 | Indo-European | nomadic group | Uttar Pradesh | 26°45′N, 80°32′E | 48.2 ± 1.7 | 75 ± 10 | 2,175 |
| Kshatriyaa | Metspalu et al.7 | 7 | Indo-European | upper caste | Uttar Pradesh | 27°56′N, 78°65′E | 54.6 ± 1.6 | 78 ± 9 | 2,262 |
| Kshatriya | this study | 15 | Indo-European | upper caste | Uttar Pradesh | 25°45′N, 82°41′E | 60.9 ± 1.3 | 76 ± 10 | 2,204 |
| Brahmina | Metspalu et al.7 | 8 | Indo-European | upper caste | Uttar Pradesh | 26°06′N, 83°18′E | 61.2 ± 1.4 | 86 ± 7 | 2,494 |
| Brahmin | this study | 10 | Indo-European | upper caste | Uttar Pradesh | 25°45′N, 82°41′E | 62.8 ± 1.4 | 65 ± 9 | 1,885 |
| Sindhib | Li et al.20 | 10 | Indo-European | urban groups | Pakistan | 24°27′N, 68°70′E | 64.3 ± 1.3 | 67 ± 8 | 1,943 |
| Kashmiri Pandit | Reich et al.1 and this study | 15 (10) | Indo-European | upper caste | Kashmir | 34°22′N, 75°50′E | 65.2 ± 1.3 | 103 ± 17 | 2,987 |
| Pathanb | Li et al.20 | 15 | Indo-European | urban groups | Pakistan | 32°35′N, 69°72′E | 70.4 ± 1.2 | 73 ± 9 | 2,117 |
We estimate the ANI ancestry proportion and date of admixture by using f4 ratio estimation and rolloff, respectively, for all the groups on the Indian cline that have greater than five samples (the requirement of a minimum sample size is important for measuring LD with precision). Because inferences of dates based on admixture LD are greatly improved by higher SNP density, we performed the date analysis with either the Illumina data set of the 500,714 SNPs or the full Affymetrix 6.0 data set of 494,863 SNPs (this contains approximately double the number of SNPs compared to the merged Affymetrix data set we discuss in the Material and Methods because it removes the HGDP samples typed on the smaller Affymetrix 500K array). For the five instances marked Reich et al.1 and this study, we indicate the number of newly genotyped samples in parentheses. To convert dates in generations to years, we assume 29 years per generation.
Samples from Metspalu et al.7
Samples from HGDP.