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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Physiol. 2013;75:503–533. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183727

Table 2.

Summary of evidence for systemic and renal Klotho deficiency in chronic kidney disease

Etiology Renal Klotho Systemic Klotho Comment Reference
Protein mRNA Plasma Urine
Animal model
CKD Npx + IRI ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Klotho protein assayed by IB 59
CKD 5/6 Npx ↓ Assayed by NB 88
CKD ICGN ↓ Assayed by RT-qPCR 138
CKD Npx ↓ ↓ ↓ Subtotal Npx in apo-E−/− mice
Plasma Klotho assayed by ELISA		 184
DM Streptozotocin ↓ Assayed by RT-qPCR 142
DM OLETF ↓ Assayed by NB 141
DM db/db ↓ ↓ Klotho decreases inflammation in the kidney of db/db 139
Hypertension SHR ↓ Assayed by NB 141
Hypertension DOCA ↓ Assayed by NB 141
Hypertension Ang II ↓ ↓ Klotho mRNA assayed by NB 180
Hypertension Ang II ↓ ↓ Klotho mRNA assayed by RT-qPCR 185
Hypertension SHR ↓ ↓ Klotho gene delivery decreases blood pressure 140
Human subject
CKD CGN ↓ ↓ Etiologies are not shown; assayed by NB, IB, and IHC 88
CKD DN ↓ ↓ Assayed by NB, IB, and IHC 88
Graft rejection CGR ↓ ↓ Assayed by NB, IB, and IHC 88
CKD N/A ↓ Assayed by ELISA and starts to reduce in early CKD 85
CKD N/A ↑ Assayed by ELISA and increases in early CKD 144
CKD N/A ↑ Assayed by ELISA and increases in CKD 186
CKD DN ↓ Assayed by ELISA 186
CKD N/A ↓ Assayed by IB and starts to decrease in early CKD 59
CKD DN ↓ RT-qPCR and starts to decrease in early CKD 142
CKD IgA nephropathy ↓ Only in advanced CKD 142
CKD MCD ↓ Only in advanced CKD 142
ADPKD ↓ Assayed by ELISA and starts to reduce in early CKD 86
CKD N/A ↔ No reduction in early CKD 86

Abbreviations: ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; Ang II, angiotensin II; apo-E, apolipoprotein E; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CGN, chronic glomerulonephritis; CGR, chronic glomerulonephritis; DM, diabetes mellitus; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DOCA, deoxycorticosterone acetate; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IB, immunoblot; ICGN, Institute for Cancer Research–derived (spontaneous) glomerulonephritis; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; MCD, minimal change disease; N/A, no information available; NB, Northern blot; Npx, nephrectomy; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (rat); RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SHR, spontaneous hypertension.