Table 3.
Infant Outcomes at 12 Months.*
| Outcome | Prenatal Surgery (N = 78) | Postnatal Surgery (N = 80) | Relative Risk (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome — no. (%) | 53 (68) | 78 (98) | 0.70 (0.58-0.84)† | <0.001 |
| Components of the primary outcome — no. (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Death before placement of shunt | 2 (3) | 0 | ||
| Shunt criteria met | 51 (65) | 74 (92) | ||
| Shunt placed without meeting criteria | 0 | 4 (5) | ||
| Placement of shunt — no. (%) | 31 (40) | 66 (82) | 0.48 (0.36–0.64) | <0.001 |
| Any hindbrain herniation — no./total no. (%) | 45/70 (64) | 66/69 (96) | 0.67 (0.56–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Degree of hindbrain herniation — no./total no. (%) | <0.001‡ | |||
| None | 25/70 (36) | 3/69 (4) | ||
| Mild | 28/70 (40) | 20/69 (29) | ||
| Moderate | 13/70 (19) | 31/69 (45) | ||
| Severe | 4/70 (6) | 15/69 (22) | ||
| Any brainstem kinking — no./total no. (%) | 14/70 (20) | 33/69 (48) | 0.42 (0.25–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Degree of brainstem kinking — no./total no. (%) | 0.001‡ | |||
| None | 56/70 (80) | 36/69 (52) | ||
| Mild | 4/70 (6) | 8/69 (12) | ||
| Moderate | 7/70 (10) | 17/69 (25) | ||
| Severe | 3/70 (4) | 8/69 (12) | ||
| Abnormal location of fourth ventricle — no./total no. (%) | 32/70 (46) | 49/68 (72) | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.002 |
| Location of fourth ventricle — no./total no. (%) | <0.001‡ | |||
| Normal | 38/70 (54) | 19/68 (28) | ||
| Low | 28/70 (40) | 29/68 (43) | ||
| At foramen magnum | 1/70 (1) | 8/68 (12) | ||
| Below foramen magnum | 3/70 (4) | 12/68 (18) | ||
| Syringomyelia — no./total no. (%) | 27/69 (39) | 39/67 (58) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Epidermoid cyst — no./total no. (%) | 2/67 (3) | 1/66 (2) | 1.97 (0.18–21.20) | 1.00 |
| Surgery for tethered cord — no./total no. (%) | 6/77 (8) | 1/80 (1) | 6.15 (0.76–50.00) | 0.06 |
| Chiari decompression surgery — no./total no. (%) | 1/77 (1) | 4/80 (5) | 0.26 (0.03–2.24) | 0.37 |
| Shunt infection — no./total no. (%) | 5/77 (6) | 7/80 (9) | 0.73 (0.24–2.21) | 0.58 |
*
Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
†
The relative risk for the composite primary outcome is reported with a 97.7% confidence interval.
‡
The between-group comparison was performed with the use of the Cochran–Armitage test for trend.