Table 2.

Targets for serum phosphorus.

CKD Stage	KDIGO (2009) (Chapter 4.1)	KDOQI (2003) (Guideline 3)	Author opinion
5D	Suggest lower- ing toward the normal range	3.5 – 5.5 mg/dl (0.87– 1.49 mmol/l)	Maintain good nutrition and use pharmaco- logical intervention to attempt to reduce lev- els to within the normal range. In CKD Stage 5D 3.5 – 4.5 mg/dl (1.13 – 1.45 mmol/l) would be ideal but difficult to achieve with current interventions. Consider cost and burden on the patient.
5	Suggest main- taining in the normal range	3.5 – 5.5 mg/dl (0.87– 1.49 mmol/l)
4		2.7–4.6 mg/dl (1.13–1.78 mmol/l)
3		2.7–4.6 mg/dl (1.13–1.78 mmol/l)

Normal homeostasis maintains serum concentrations between 2.5 and 4.5 mg/dl (0.81 – 1.45 mmol/l) [1]. KDIGO = kidney disease improving global outcomes; KDOQI = kidney disease outcomes quality initiative; CKD = chronic kidney disease.