Table 2. Information of miRNAs known to function in muscle development (muscle-related miRNAs).
| Transcription Factors (TF) & Signaling pathways | microRNA (miR) | TF - miR Relationship | Targets (including Potential Targets) | MiR - targets Relationship | Tissues &Cells |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MyoD [62–64], MEF2 [62,65–67], SRF [62], Myogenin [63], Myf5 [63], MRF4 [63], Twist [65], mTOR [68], SREBP [66] | miR-1 | up-regulation | HDAC4 [21], Cx43 [69,70], G6PD [71], Sox6 [72], Hand2 [62], KCNJ2 [69], HSP60 [73], HSP70 [73], caspase-9 [73], c-Met [74], Pax7 [75], Pax3 [64], IGF-1R [76], KLF4 [77] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, Rhabdomyosarcoma |
| HMOX1 [78], Notch3 [67] | down-regulation | Notch3 [67] | down-regulation | ||
| Myogenin [63], MyoD [63], MEF2 [66], Myf5 [63], MRF4 [63], SREBP [66] | miR-133 | up-regulation | SRF [21,79], KLF15 [79], nPTB [80], UCP2 [81], RhoA [82], Cdc42 [82], Nelf-A/WHSC2 [82], CTGF [83], HSP60 [73], HSP70 [73], caspase-9 [73], Runx2 [84], dynamin 2 [85] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, Rhabdomyosarcoma |
| HMOX1 [78] | down-regulation | down-regulation | |||
| Myogenin [63], MyoD [63,64,86], Myf5 [63], MRF4 [63], MEF2C [67] | miR-206 | up-regulation | Cx43 [70], HDAC4 [87], DNA polymerase [88], Fstl1 [86], Utrn [86], c-Met [74], Pax7 [89], Pax3 [64], Hmgb3 [90], Otx2 [91], TIMP3# [92], VEGF# [93] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle, Rhabdomyosarcoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) |
| TGF-β [87], BMP2 [94], HMOX1 [78], Notch3 [67] | down-regulation | Notch3 [67] | down-regulation | ||
| MyoD [24] | miR-378 | up-regulation | MyoR [24], BMP2* [53], MAPK1* [53] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle* |
| IGF1 [95] | down-regulation | IGF1R [95] | down-regulation | cardiac muscle | |
| miR-155 | MEF2A [96], OLFML3* [97] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle*, vascular smooth-muscle | ||
| KDM2B (Ndy1/FBXL10/JHDM1B) [98] | let-7/miR-101 | down-regulation | EZH2 [98] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle |
| let-7b | GHR [99] | down-regulation | |||
| STAT3 [100] | miR-124a | up-regulation | embryonic stem cell (ESC) | ||
| mTOR [34] | miR-125 | down-regulation | IGF-II [34], Cbx7 [101], SP7 [102] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ESC |
| miR-126 | Spred-1 [58], VCAM-1 [58], IRS-1 [57] | down-regulation | cardiac muscle, ESC | ||
| miR-128a | PPARγ [36], Runx1 [36], Pax3 [36] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-130a | GAX [103], HOXA5 [103] | down-regulation | vascular endothelial cells (ECs) | ||
| miR-135 | Smad5 [84], JAK2# [104] | down-regulation | C2C12, Hodgkin lymphoma | ||
| SRF [105], myocardin [105] | miR-143/145 | up-regulation | SRF [25], myocardin [25], Nkx2-5 [25] | down-regulation | smooth muscle |
| miR-144 | IRS1 [106] | down-regulation | Type II diabetes mellitus | ||
| miR-148a | ROCK1 [27] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-15a | DLK1 [107] | down-regulation | 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | ||
| miR-15a/16 | cyclin D1 [108] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-181 | Hox-A11 [26], Cbx7 [101] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, ESC | ||
| miR-199a | Hif-1α [37], Sirt1 [37] | down-regulation | cardiac muscle | ||
| miR-204 | Runx2 [109] | down-regulation | smooth muscle | ||
| miR-208a | Thrap1 [110], myostatin [110] | down-regulation | cardiac muscle | ||
| miR-208b/499 | Sox6 [11], Purβ [11], Sp3 [11], HP-1β [11] | down-regulation | muscle | ||
| TGF-β/BMPs signaling [111], p38 [112], MKP-1 [112] | miR-21 | up-regulation | PTEN [113], PDCD4 [111] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle |
| Hif1a [114] | miR-210 | up-regulation | cardiac muscle | ||
| Myogenin [115], MyoD [115] | miR-214 | up-regulation | Ezh2 [115], N-Ras [40] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle, ESC |
| Ras-MAPK pathway [44] | miR-221 | up-regulation | p27 [44], Mdm2 [116] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, mesenchymal cells |
| Ras-MAPK pathway [44] | miR-222 | up-regulation | p27 [44], β1-syntrophin [117] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle |
| NFATc3 [118] | miR-23a | MAFbx/atrogin-1 [33], MuRF1 [33,118], Myh1/2/4 [32] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | |
| TGF-β [35] | miR-24 | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| C/EBPα [119] | miR-26a | up-regulation | GSK-3β [119], Ezh2 [29], Smad1 [28], Smad4 [28] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle |
| Pitx2 [31] | miR-27a/b | down-regulation | MSTN [30], Pax3 [31], myostatin [30] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle |
| NF-kappa-B-YY1 [41,43], CKD [42], TGF-beta-Smad3 signaling [120] | miR-29 | down-regulation | HDAC4 [87], YY1 [41,42], Smad3 [87], Smad4 [121], MMP-2 [43], COL1A1 [122], ELN [122], Rybp [123] | down-regulation | C2C12, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, Aneurysm |
| miR-30 | CTGF [83] | down-regulation | cardiac muscle | ||
| miR-31 | Myf5 [124] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle, Duchenne muscular dystrophy | ||
| miR-320 | PFKm [125] | down-regulation | muscle | ||
| miR-322/424 | Cdc25A [38] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-351 | E2f3 [126] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| SRF [39], MRTF-A [39], MyoD [39] | miR-486 | up-regulation | PTEN [39], Foxo1 [39], Pax7 [89] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle |
| miR-489 | Dek [127] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-494 | mtTFA [128], Foxj3 [128] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-503 | Cdc25A [38,129], CCNE1 [129] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-546 | Mybbp1a [130] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-669a/669q | MyoD [131] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| miR-696 | PGC-1α [132] | down-regulation | skeletal muscle | ||
| STAT3 [100] | miR-9 | up-regulation | ESCs | ||
| miR-92a | up-regulation | integrin α5 [133] | down-regulation | muscle, Ecs |
*
Identified in pig
#
Potential target