Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

View full-text article in PMC

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 May 18;229(3):453–476. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3120-y

Coronal sections of the rat brain (Paxinos and Watson 2005) depicting brain areas implicated in reinstatement of drug seeking induced by drug-priming (A), certain stressors (B), and discrete (C), discriminative (D), and contextual cues (E). Data only include studies using the operant self-administration variation of the reinstatement model in which brain lesions, reversible inactivation, and intracranial drug injection methods were used. The drug label indicates the self-administered drug (A, alcohol; C, cocaine; H, heroin; M, methamphetamine. The citation list is limited to original empirical findings within a given drug class and reinstating stimulus.

Abbreviations of brain areas: BLA, Basolateral nucleus of the Amygdala; BNST; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA, Central nucleus of the Amygdala; cd-LS, Lateral Septum, caudodorsal Lateral Septum; DH, dorsal hippocampus; DLS, dorsolateral striatum; dmPFC and vmPFC, dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex; GI, Granular Insular Cortex; LH, Lateral Hypothalamus; lOFC, lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex; MnR, Median Raphe; PPTg, Pedunculo-pontine Tegmental nucleus; PVT, Paraventricular Thalamus; SN, substantia nigra; VH, ventral hippocampus; vSUB, ventral subiculum; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area.

Other abbreviations: A, alcohol; C, cocaine; H, heroin; M, methamphetamine; N, nicotine; FD, food deprivation; FS, footshock; CS, cold swim; Y, yohimbine.

(A) Drug priming: Dorsal mPFC: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Ventral mPFC: cocaine (Pentkowski et al. 2010), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Dorsolateral striatum: cocaine (Gabriele and See 2011), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Accumbens: cocaine (Self et al. 1998), heroin (Stewart and Vezina 1988). Accumbens core: cocaine (Cornish et al. 1999), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Accumbens shell: cocaine (Anderson et al. 2003), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). BNST: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Granular insular cortex: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), nicotine (Forget et al. 2010). Ventral pallidum: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Central amygdala: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Substantia nigra: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). VTA: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001; Stewart 1984), heroin (Stewart 1984). Ventral subiculum: cocaine (Sun and Rebec 2003; Vorel et al. 2001). PPTg/LDT: cocaine (Schmidt et al. 2009).

(B) Stress: Dorsal mPFC: Footshock: cocaine (Capriles et al. 2003; McFarland et al. 2004); Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). Lateral OFC: Footshock: cocaine (Capriles et al. 2003). Accumbens: Footshock: cocaine (Xi et al. 2004). Accumbens core: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Accumbens shell: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). BNST: Footshock: cocaine (Erb and Stewart 1999), heroin (Shaham et al. 2000b); Yohimbine: cocaine (Buffalari and See 2011). Ventral pallidum: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Central amygdala: Footshock: cocaine (Erb and Stewart 1999), heroin (Shaham et al. 2000a), nicotine (Yamada and Bruijnzeel 2011); Yohimbine: Alcohol (Simms et al. 2012). Basolateral amygdala: Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). VTA: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2005), heroin (Wang et al. 2012); Swim stress: (Graziane et al. 2013). Median Raphe: Footshock: alcohol (Le et al. 2002); yohimbine: alcohol (Le et al. 2012).

(C) Discrete cues: Dorsal mPFC: cocaine: (McLaughlin and See 2003), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Ventral mPFC: cocaine: (Pentkowski et al. 2010), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Lateral OFC: cocaine: (Fuchs et al. 2004b). Dorsolateral striatum: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Accumbens core: alcohol (Sinclair et al. 2012), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2004a), heroin (Bossert et al. 2007), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). BNST: cocaine (Buffalari and See 2011). Granular insular cortex: nicotine (Forget et al. 2010). Ventral pallidum: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Central amygdala: cocaine (Kruzich and See 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: alcohol (Sinclair et al. 2012), cocaine (Meil and See 1996), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Substantia nigra: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). VTA: cocaine (Mahler et al. 2012b), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Ventral subiculum: cocaine (Sun and Rebec 2003).

(D) Discriminative cues: Ventral mPFC: heroin (Alvarez-Jaimes et al. 2008). Accumbens core: heroin (Alvarez-Jaimes et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: cocaine (Yun and Fields 2003). Lateral Hypothalamus: cocaine (Kallupi et al. 2012). VTA: cocaine (James et al. 2011).

(E) Contextual cues: Dorsal mPFC: alcohol (Willcocks and McNally 2013), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2005). Ventral mPFC: heroin (Bossert et al. 2011). Lateral OFC: cocaine (Lasseter et al. 2011). Dorsolateral striatum: heroin (Bossert et al. 2009). Accumbens: cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2008). Accumbens core: alcohol (Chaudhri et al. 2009). Accumbens shell: alcohol (Chaudhri et al. 2009), heroin (Bossert et al. 2007). Caudo-dorsal lateral septum: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011). Dorsal Hippocampus: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011). Paraventricular thalamus: alcohol (Hamlin et al. 2009). Basolateral amygdala: alcohol (Marinelli et al. 2010), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2005). Lateral Hypothalamus: alcohol (Marchant et al. 2009). VTA: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011), heroin (Bossert et al. 2004). Ventral hippocampus: cocaine (Lasseter et al. 2010). Ventral subiculum: heroin (Bossert and Stern 2013).

Coronal sections of the rat brain (Paxinos and Watson 2005) depicting brain areas implicated in reinstatement of drug seeking induced by drug-priming (A), certain stressors (B), and discrete (C), discriminative (D), and contextual cues (E). Data only include studies using the operant self-administration variation of the reinstatement model in which brain lesions, reversible inactivation, and intracranial drug injection methods were used. The drug label indicates the self-administered drug (A, alcohol; C, cocaine; H, heroin; M, methamphetamine. The citation list is limited to original empirical findings within a given drug class and reinstating stimulus.

Abbreviations of brain areas: BLA, Basolateral nucleus of the Amygdala; BNST; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA, Central nucleus of the Amygdala; cd-LS, Lateral Septum, caudodorsal Lateral Septum; DH, dorsal hippocampus; DLS, dorsolateral striatum; dmPFC and vmPFC, dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex; GI, Granular Insular Cortex; LH, Lateral Hypothalamus; lOFC, lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex; MnR, Median Raphe; PPTg, Pedunculo-pontine Tegmental nucleus; PVT, Paraventricular Thalamus; SN, substantia nigra; VH, ventral hippocampus; vSUB, ventral subiculum; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area.

Other abbreviations: A, alcohol; C, cocaine; H, heroin; M, methamphetamine; N, nicotine; FD, food deprivation; FS, footshock; CS, cold swim; Y, yohimbine.

(A) Drug priming: Dorsal mPFC: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Ventral mPFC: cocaine (Pentkowski et al. 2010), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Dorsolateral striatum: cocaine (Gabriele and See 2011), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Accumbens: cocaine (Self et al. 1998), heroin (Stewart and Vezina 1988). Accumbens core: cocaine (Cornish et al. 1999), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Accumbens shell: cocaine (Anderson et al. 2003), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). BNST: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Granular insular cortex: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), nicotine (Forget et al. 2010). Ventral pallidum: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Central amygdala: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: cocaine (Alleweireldt et al. 2006), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Substantia nigra: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). VTA: cocaine (McFarland and Kalivas 2001; Stewart 1984), heroin (Stewart 1984). Ventral subiculum: cocaine (Sun and Rebec 2003; Vorel et al. 2001). PPTg/LDT: cocaine (Schmidt et al. 2009).

(B) Stress: Dorsal mPFC: Footshock: cocaine (Capriles et al. 2003; McFarland et al. 2004); Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). Lateral OFC: Footshock: cocaine (Capriles et al. 2003). Accumbens: Footshock: cocaine (Xi et al. 2004). Accumbens core: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Accumbens shell: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). BNST: Footshock: cocaine (Erb and Stewart 1999), heroin (Shaham et al. 2000b); Yohimbine: cocaine (Buffalari and See 2011). Ventral pallidum: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004). Central amygdala: Footshock: cocaine (Erb and Stewart 1999), heroin (Shaham et al. 2000a), nicotine (Yamada and Bruijnzeel 2011); Yohimbine: Alcohol (Simms et al. 2012). Basolateral amygdala: Food deprivation: heroin (Tobin et al. 2013). VTA: Footshock: cocaine (McFarland et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2005), heroin (Wang et al. 2012); Swim stress: (Graziane et al. 2013). Median Raphe: Footshock: alcohol (Le et al. 2002); yohimbine: alcohol (Le et al. 2012).

(C) Discrete cues: Dorsal mPFC: cocaine: (McLaughlin and See 2003), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Ventral mPFC: cocaine: (Pentkowski et al. 2010), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). Lateral OFC: cocaine: (Fuchs et al. 2004b). Dorsolateral striatum: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Accumbens core: alcohol (Sinclair et al. 2012), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2004a), heroin (Bossert et al. 2007), methamphetamine (Rocha and Kalivas 2010). BNST: cocaine (Buffalari and See 2011). Granular insular cortex: nicotine (Forget et al. 2010). Ventral pallidum: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Central amygdala: cocaine (Kruzich and See 2001), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: alcohol (Sinclair et al. 2012), cocaine (Meil and See 1996), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Substantia nigra: heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). VTA: cocaine (Mahler et al. 2012b), heroin (Rogers et al. 2008). Ventral subiculum: cocaine (Sun and Rebec 2003).

(D) Discriminative cues: Ventral mPFC: heroin (Alvarez-Jaimes et al. 2008). Accumbens core: heroin (Alvarez-Jaimes et al. 2008). Basolateral amygdala: cocaine (Yun and Fields 2003). Lateral Hypothalamus: cocaine (Kallupi et al. 2012). VTA: cocaine (James et al. 2011).

(E) Contextual cues: Dorsal mPFC: alcohol (Willcocks and McNally 2013), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2005). Ventral mPFC: heroin (Bossert et al. 2011). Lateral OFC: cocaine (Lasseter et al. 2011). Dorsolateral striatum: heroin (Bossert et al. 2009). Accumbens: cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2008). Accumbens core: alcohol (Chaudhri et al. 2009). Accumbens shell: alcohol (Chaudhri et al. 2009), heroin (Bossert et al. 2007). Caudo-dorsal lateral septum: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011). Dorsal Hippocampus: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011). Paraventricular thalamus: alcohol (Hamlin et al. 2009). Basolateral amygdala: alcohol (Marinelli et al. 2010), cocaine (Fuchs et al. 2005). Lateral Hypothalamus: alcohol (Marchant et al. 2009). VTA: cocaine (Luo et al. 2011), heroin (Bossert et al. 2004). Ventral hippocampus: cocaine (Lasseter et al. 2010). Ventral subiculum: heroin (Bossert and Stern 2013).