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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 8.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2013 Jan 8;17(1):49–60. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011

Figure 4. Gonadal Hormones Regulate Hepatic FMO3 Expression and Plasma TMAO Levels.

Figure 4

(A–C) Male and female C57BL/6 mice were either untreated or gonadectomized or ovariectomized and then treated with vehicle or DHT (males) or estrogen (females) (n=4–6 mice/group). (A) Hepatic FMO3 expression was determined by RT-qPCR and normalized to 36B4. (B) FMO3 protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis and GAPDH was used as a control. (C) Plasma TMAO levels from male and female mice were determined by LC/MS/MS. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Significance was measured with One-way ANOVA and different letters (a–e) indicate statistically significant (p<0.05 or greater) differences between groups.