Lymphatic function decreases systemically and acutely in response to administration of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. (a) Propulsive frequency, or pulses per minute, and (b) pulsatile velocity, or centimeters per second, in right-side and left-side inguinal-to-axillary lymphatic vessels at 4 hours after intradermal TNF-α (2 ug/mouse), IL-6 (50 ng/mouse), IL-1β (1 ug/mouse), or IL-6 plus IL-1β injection in dorsal aspect of right hind paw. n=10–16 mice per group. *=p<0.05 compared to saline.