Table 2.
Latest achievements of the microscale electroporation methods in advanced gene and cell research (2007–2008)
| Methods | Species | Cell type | Specific aims and applications | Future perspective | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microchannel-based | Human | HeLa | Finding of an impulsive, electropulsation-driven backflow in microchannels* | Functional gene delivery | 9 |
| Human | MSC | Gene transfer and protein dynamics in stem cells using SCE* | Controlled cell therapeutics | 56 | |
| Mouse | NIH3T3 | Spatially controlled transfection of nucleic acid payloads into cells in a culture | HTS drug discovery | 54 | |
| Hamster | CHO | Delivery of small molecules and genes into cells using a common DC power supply | HTS of drugs & genes | 57 | |
| Human | B cell | Detection of kinase translocation using microfluidic electroporative flow cytometry | Drug discovery & tumor diagnosis | 58 | |
| Human | A431 | Lab-on-a-chip technologies for proteomic analysis from isolated cells under CLSM | LOC integrative electroporation | 61 | |
| Human | HeLa | Electrophoresis-assisted SCE for efficient intracellular delivery* | Drug delivery systems | 26 | |
| Chicken | B cells | Selective release of intracellular molecules at the single-cell level* | HTS intracellular probing | 62 | |
| Human | HeLa | SCE arrays with real-time monitoring and feedback control* | Drug discovery & gene delivery | 11 | |
| Hamster | CHO | Microfluidic cell electroporation using a mechanical valve | LSI system for HTS | 64 | |
| Human | K562 | Continuous low-voltage dc electroporation with polyelectrolytic salt bridges | Disposable integrated system | 65 | |
| Human | B. p. cells | An integrated microfluidic system for combined with DEP for electroporation | Pathogen detection | 59 | |
| Human | U937 | Gene delivery after DEP positioning of cells in a non-uniform electric field (FEM) | DEP integrative electroporation | 60 | |
| Hamster | CHO | Rapid optimization by multi-channel electroporation for gene transfection | Rapid protocol optimization | 10 | |
| Mouse | NIH3T3 | Transfection of exogenous molecules with spatio-temporal control (FEM) | Spatio-temporal control | 67 | |
| Human | HEK293 | Gene transfer device utilizing micron-spiked electrodes | Human genome analysis | 66 | |
| Human | HeLa | Micro electroporation and resealing dynamics for human cancer cells (EIS) | Cell membrane recovery dynamics | 63 | |
| Fish | Embryo | Transfection of zebrafish embryos by quantum dots and GFP genes for evaluation | Gene therapy | 69 | |
| Human | HeLa | Determination of the optimal physical parameters in the uptake of biomolecules | Shorter experimental time | 68 | |
| Microcapillary-based | Human | hMSC | Electroporation method using a capillary and wire-type electrode | New electroporation platform | 12 |
| Human | A549 | Numerical calculations of SCE with an electrolyte-filled capillary* (EFC, FEM) | Tumor treatment | 70 | |
| Human | A549 | Effect of cell size and shape on SCE* (EFC, FEM) | Success of electroporation-TMP | 71 | |
| Hamster | CHO | Scanning electroporation of selected areas of adherent cell cultures (EFC, FEM) | Success for hard-to-transfect cells | 72 | |
| Human | T cells | Targeting the carbohydrates on HIV-1 | HIV vaccine development | 35 | |
| Human | T cells | Route of HIV-1 transmission with membrane nano-tubes | HIV-1 transmission mechanism | 27 | |
| Human | bmMSC | Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity | Pathophysiology in bone diseases | 28 | |
| Mouse | astrocytes | Neuronal stem cells control in murine astrocytes (Role of Pax6) | Astrocyte generation mechanism | 29 | |
| Human | PK8 | Induction of hepatocyte growth factor activator gene expression | Treatment of pancreatic cancer | 32 | |
| Human | SW480 | TMPRSS4 promotes invasion, migration and metastasis of human tumor cells | Cancer therapeutics | 37 | |
| Mouse | 3T3-L1 | Mediation of insulin-dependent regulation of gene expression | Lipid and glucose metabolism | 40 | |
| Human | U937 | Differential contribution of the CysLTR1 gene with aspirin hypersensitivity | Aspirin-related allergic diseases | 47 | |
| Human | HCT116 | Analysis of KRAP expression and localization, and genes regulated by KRAP | KRAP functions in cancer cells | 49 |
The asterisk (*) indicates single cell level study. [Terms] SCE: single cell electroporation; CLSM: confocal laser scanning microscopy; MEA: microelectrode array; LOC: lab-on-a-chip; HTS: high-throughput screening; LSI: large-scale integration; FEM: finite element modeling; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; DEP: dielectrophoresis; EFC: electrolyte-filled capillary; TMP: transmembrane potential; KRAP: Ki-ras-induced actin-interacting protein. [Cell lines] MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; NIH3T3: mouse embryonic fibroblast cells; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; A431: human epithelial carcinoma cells; K562: human chronic leukemia cells; A549: human lung carcinoma cells; B. p.: Bordetella pertussis; HEK293: human embryonic kidney cells; U937: human monocytic cells; bmMSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PK8: pancreatic cancer cells; SW480: colon carcinoma cells; 3T3-L1: preadipocytes; HCT116: human colon cancer cells.