FIG. 5.
Stimulation of mitochondrial ROS by AngII in the heart. Three major isoforms of NADPH oxidase are expressed in the heart: NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4. AngII not only directly activates NOX1 and NOX2 but also increases the expression of cardiac NOX4. ROS production by NADPH oxidases results in eNOS and the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) uncoupling and contributes to mitochondrial oxidative stress.