Table III.
Reported exposure to tobacco advertising and promotional activities over time, by country
| Canada | United States | United Kingdom | Australia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 (Wave 5) | ||||
| Exposed to POS tobacco displays (% yes, na) | 74.10 | 81.99 | 80.77 | 73.94 |
| (n = 1741) | (n = 1788) | (n = 1706) | (n = 1801) | |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison in same wave!) | Reference | 1.59 (1.36–1.88)*** | 1.51 (1.29–1.78)*** | 0.99 (0.86–1.16) |
| Exposed to POS tobacco advertising (% yes) | 40.26 | 82.61 | 35.17 | 31.76 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 7.69 (6.57–9.02)*** | 0.82 (0.71–0.95)** | 0.67 (0.58–0.77)*** |
| Overall salience: noticed things that encourage smoking (% yesb) | 20.91 | 33.72 | 17.64 | 18.71 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 1.99 (1.71–2.32)*** | 0.81 (0.69–0.96)* | 0.84 (0.71–0.99)* |
| Noticed tobacco advertisements/promotion in any other specific channelsc (% yes) | 46.64 | 82.06 | 39.57 | 33.43 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 5.54 (4.75–6.47)*** | 0.77 (0.67–0.89)*** | 0.55 (0.49–0.63)*** |
| 2007 (Wave 6) | ||||
| Exposed to POS tobacco displays (% yes, n) | 69.20 | 80.88 | 78.56 | 69.40 |
| (n = 1708) | (n = 1742) | (n = 1642) | (n = 1791) | |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 1.92 (1.64–2.25)*** | 1.67 (1.43–1.96)*** | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) |
| Exposed to POS tobacco advertising (% yes) | 34.45 (1707) | 85.31 | 27.81 | 25.57 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 12.51 (10.5–14.84)*** | 0.74 (0.63–0.85)*** | 0.62 (0.54–0.72)*** |
| Overall salience (% yes) | 19.37 | 35.28 | 16.14 | 19.54 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 2.29 (1.95–2.67)*** | 0.76 (0.64–0.92)** | 0.95 (0.81–1.13) |
| Noticed advertisements/promotion in any other channels (%) | 39.87 | 80.34 | 31.22 | 30.93 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 6.61 (5.67–7.72)*** | 0.69 (0.59–0.79)*** | 0.65 (0.56–0.75)*** |
| 2008 (Wave 7) | ||||
| Exposed to POS tobacco displays (% yes, n) | 9.56 | 80.36 | 87.27 | 66.42 |
| (n = 1506) | (n = 1517) | (n = 1485) | (n = 1370) | |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 40.09 (32.3–49.75)*** | 69.46 (55.1–87.71)*** | 20.25 (16.42–24.98)*** |
| Exposed to POS tobacco advertising (% yes) | 17.65 | 75.68 | — | — |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 15.98 (13.2–19.22)*** | — | — |
| Overall salience (% yes) | 17.12 | 30.78 | 14.74 | 13.49 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 2.21 (1.86–2.63)*** | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91)** |
| Noticed advertisements/promotion in any other channels (%) | 30.13 | 82.02 | 37.19 | 26.02 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 11.70 (9.83–13.94)*** | 1.43 (1.22–1.66)*** | 0.81 (0.68–0.95)* |
| 2010 (Wave 8) | ||||
| Exposed to POS tobacco displays (% yes, n) | 6.14 | 79.70 | 88.10 | 42.86 |
| (n = 1237) | (n = 1256) | (n = 975) | (n = 1106) | |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 61.69 (46.9–80.99)*** | 117.6 (86.8–159.6)*** | 11.59 (8.91–15.07)*** |
| Exposed to POS tobacco advertising (% yes) | 14.14 (1238) | 71.24 (1255) | — | — |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 16.16 (13.1–19.91)*** | — | — |
| Overall salience (% yes) | 14.63 | 29.86 | 14.05 | 12.30 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 2.49 (2.04–3.05)*** | 0.95 (0.74–1.20) | 0.82 (0.63–1.04) |
| Noticed advertisements/promotion in any other channels (%) | 30.41 | 77.26 | 37.15 | 24.12 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI, cross-country comparison) | Reference | 8.38 (6.98–10.06)*** | 1.40 (1.17–1.68)*** | 0.71 (0.59–0.85)*** |
| Over-wave comparison—GEE modeling results (adjusted OR, 95% CI!) (Wave 5 exposure as reference) | ||||
| Exposed to POS tobacco displays | 0.26 (0.24–0.28)*** | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 1.24 (1.16–1.32)*** | 0.67 (0.64–0.71)*** |
| Exposed to POS tobacco advertising | 0.61 (0.57–0.64)*** | 0.78 (0.74–0.82)*** | 0.70 (0.62–0.80)*** | 0.74 (0.65–0.84)*** |
| Overall salience | 0.87 (0.82–0.92)*** | 0.92 (0.87–0.97)** | 0.91 (0.85–0.97)** | 0.83 (0.78–0.89)** |
| Noticed advertisements/promotion in any other channels | 0.58 (0.46–0.73)*** | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.85 (0.82–0.90)*** |
aThe number of valid cases (n) for this measure are slightly fewer than the total number of current smokers at the specific wave in a particular country (e.g. in the United States), and this applies to other specific measures, waves and countries. All odds ratios for cross-country comparison are generated using logistic regression modeling, whereas odds ratios for over-wave comparison are generated with GEE modeling, and adjusted for age, sex, education, income and CPD. bAt least once in a while. cThese specific channels are posters/billboards, gifts/discounts on other products, clothing with cigarettes brand name and competitions linked to cigarettes. ‘—’ The question was not asked in the United Kingdom and Australia at Waves 7 and 8, respectively. Significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.