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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Chem Ecol. 2012 Oct 19;38(11):1358–1365. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0200-0

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Effect of defensive compounds when sprayed directly onto Pogonomyrmex rogusus ants. Discomfort in seconds (mean + SEM) was determined as any behavior that deviates from normal (see text). Hexane was used as control. Each set of trials was repeated 25 times for 2-hex (light bars) and 37 times for 2-dec (dark bars). 2-hex=(E)-2-hexenal; 2-dec=(E)-2-decenal; C13=n-tridecane. Asterisk indicates statistical significance compared to all other treatments, as tested by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer (P<0.05)