Table 4.

Multivariate Analysis for Depression Associated With Visual Function Loss and Visual Impairment, Each Modeled Separately in US Adults 20 Years of Age or Older, NHANES 2005–2008^a

	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Status	Model Ib	Model IIc	Model IIId
Visual function loss
No difficulty	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Difficulty reading ordinary newsprinte	2.7 (2.1–3.6)	2.4 (1.9–3.2)	1.9 (1.5–2.6)
Difficulty seeing up close when doing work or chores	2.6 (2.1–3.2)	2.5 (2.0–3.1)	2.0 (1.6–2.5)
Difficulty seeing steps or curbs in dim light	3.4 (2.7–4.3)	2.8 (2.2–3.5)	2.0 (1.6–2.6)
Difficulty noticing objects off to the side	3.8 (3.0–4.9)	3.1 (2.5–4.0)	2.4 (1.8–3.1)
Difficulty finding object on crowded shelf	3.8 (3.0–4.9)	3.1 (2.4–4.0)	2.4 (1.8–3.2)
Difficulty driving in the daytime in a familiar place	4.9 (3.5–6.8)	3.4 (2.4–4.7)	2.7 (1.8–3.9)
Impaired visual functionf	2.6 (2.2–3.1)	2.4 (2.0–2.9)	1.9 (1.6–2.3)
Visual impairment
No impairment	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Presenting	1.6 (1.1–2.2)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Correctable	1.6 (1.1–2.3)	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	1.2 (0.8–1.8)
Uncorrectable	1.4 (0.7–2.9)	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	0.8 (0.4–1.7)

Abbreviation: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

^aDefined as a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score of 10 or greater.

^bControlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

^cModel I plus marriage, living alone, education, income, employment status, and health insurance.

^dModel II plus body mass index, smoking, binge drinking, self-reported health, worry about eyesight, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

^eModerate or extreme difficulty or unable to do.

^fDefined as any of the impaired visual functions listed.