Table 5.

Effects of WIC Clinic Access in ZIP Code of Residence on Pregnancy Behaviors and Conditions: IV-Mother FE Method

	Weight Gain <16 Lbs	Weight Gain >40 Lbs	Prenatal Care Received from a Public Clinic	Diabetes	Gestational Hypertension	Eclampsia	Birth Paid by Medicaid
A. All Mothers: IV-Mother FE
Mean of Dependent Variable	0.146	0.191	0.092	0.030	0.036	0.001	0.480
Any WIC Clinic in Zip Code of Residence During Pregnancy	−0.0172+ (0.0091)	0.0267+ (0.0137)	0.0082 (0.0242)	0.0070 (0.0049)	0.0129** (0.0049)	0.0001 (0.0008)	0.0499 (0.0512)
N	589,574	589,574	612,686	612,686	612,686	612,686	604,661
B. Mothers with High School Degree or Less at Time of First Birth: IV-Mother FE
Mean of Dependent Variable	0.167	0.182	0.132	0.028	0.034	0.001	0.625
Any WIC Clinic in Zip Code of Residence During Pregnancy	−0.0317** (0.0127)	0.0389** (0.0183)	0.0147 (0.0352)	0.0127** (0.0047)	0.0130** (0.0056)	0.0005 (0.0011)	0.0605 (0.0627)
N	355,376	355,376	371,533	371,533	371,533	371,533	364,953
C. Mothers with College Degree at Time of First Birth: IV-Mother FE
Mean of Dependent Variable	0.083	0.194	0.011	0.032	0.038	0.001	0.049
Any WIC Clinic in Zip Code of Residence During Pregnancy	−0.0063 (0.0111)	−0.0052 (0.0125)	0.0047 (0.0076)	−0.0145 (0.0092)	0.0033 (0.0092)	0.0010 (0.0015)	−0.0081 (0.0092)
N	105,651	105,651	107,483	107,483	107,483	107,483	107,004

Notes: Each coefficient in each panel is from a separate regression. See Table 3 for more information about the sample, controls, and the IV-Mother FE estimation method.

Significance levels:

⁺p<0.10

^**p<0.05

^***p<0.001