Table 7.
Placebo Effects of WIC Clinics on Prenatal WIC Food Receipt, Birth Weight, and Breastfeeding
| Dependent Variable: Mother Received WIC Food During Pregnancy | Dependent Variable: Birth Weight (g) | Dependent Variable: Child is Breastfed at Time of Discharge | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| Zip FE | Zip FE & County Time Trends | Mother FE | IV-Mother FE | Zip FE | Zip FE & County Time Trends | Mother FE | IV-Mother FE | Zip FE | Zip FE & County Time Trends | Mother FE | IV-Mother FE | |
| A. All Mothers | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| At Least One WIC Clinic 3–6 Months Before or After Pregnancy & No WIC Clinics During Pregnancy | −0.0012 (0.0154) | −0.0013 (0.0154) | −0.0034 (0.0176) | −0.0031 (0.0179) | −8.8582 (17.5737) | −8.8695 (17.5241) | −19.9775 (20.7472) | −35.4600 (23.5515) | 0.0047 (0.0108) | 0.0045 (0.0108) | −0.0062 (0.0147) | −0.0107 (0.0185) |
| At Least One WIC Clinic 6–9 Months Before or After Pregnancy & No WIC Clinics During Pregnancy | −0.0047 (0.0118) | −0.0047 (0.0118) | −0.0201 (0.0161) | −0.0051 (0.0183) | 1.5355 (18.7600) | 0.7957 (18.7264) | 16.0030 (23.3029) | 29.3213 (21.9082) | 0.0041 (0.0142) | 0.0030 (0.0142) | 0.0122 (0.0150) | 0.0237 (0.0189) |
| N | 607,002 | 607,002 | 607,002 | 607,002 | 612,640 | 612,640 | 612,640 | 612,640 | 608,982 | 608,982 | 608,982 | 608,982 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| B. Mothers with High School Degree or Less at Time of First Birth | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| At Least One WIC Clinic 3–6 Months Before or After Pregnancy & No WIC Clinics During Pregnancy | 0.0035 (0.0229) | 0.0036 (0.0229) | −0.0051 (0.0246) | −0.0058 (0.0271) | −26.0558 (23.2901) | −26.1545 (23.3007) | −24.9839 (22.4614) | −44.4283+ (23.6391) | −0.0223 (0.0144) | −0.0226 (0.0144) | −0.0365+ (0.0189) | −0.0517+ (0.0305) |
| At Least One WIC Clinic 6–9 Months Before or After Pregnancy & No WIC Clinics During Pregnancy | −0.0204 (0.0191) | −0.0209 (0.0191) | −0.0338 (0.0244) | −0.0197 (0.0301) | 7.2430 (20.1771) | 6.0043 (20.1609) | 32.4890 (27.2863) | 43.7363 (28.0755) | 0.0126 (0.0201) | 0.0112 (0.0203) | 0.0269 (0.0192) | 0.0237 (0.0227) |
| N | 366,865 | 366,865 | 366,865 | 366,865 | 371,504 | 371,504 | 371,504 | 371,504 | 369,000 | 369,000 | 369,000 | 369,000 |
Notes: Each column in each panel is from a separate regression. See Table 3 for more information about the sample, controls, and estimation methods. The key explanatory variables of interest are indicators that are equal to 1 if a first WIC clinic opens in the mother’s ZIP code of residence 3–6 and 6–9 months after childbirth or if a last WIC clinic closes in the 3–6 and 6–9 months before conception, and zero otherwise.
Significance levels:
+
p<0.10
**
p<0.05
***
p<0.001