Table 2.

Physiological effects of aging and their impact on drug metabolism

Hepatic function	Renal function	Body composition	Comorbidities	Alterations in receptor sensitivity
↓ Liver mass	↓ GFR	↓ Total body water	Heart failure	↓ β-receptor
↓ Hepatic blood flow		↑ Body fat	Hypertension	↓ CYP450
↓ Phase I metabolism (oxidation by CYP450 enzymes), further inhibited by Fluconazole			Diabetes Cancer Pain due to various diseases
↓ Bile secretion
Unaffected phase II metabolism

Abbreviations: GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase.

Note: Data from.⁴³,⁴⁸