Table 4.

Physiological Measures and NNNS Scales in Substance-exposed Infants

	Other substance exposed n = 466 (Mean ± SE)	Cocaine exposed n = 546 (Mean ± SE)	Opiate exposed n = 57 (Mean ± SE)	Cocaine + Opiate exposure n = 60 (Mean ± SE)	p
Baseline HR	158.5 ± .8	158.0 ± .7	159.0 ± 2.1	163.5 ± 2.2	.13
Baseline RSA	2.8 ± .9	2.9 ± .9	2.8 ± .8	2.7 ± .9	.57
HR during visual orientation	158.9 ± .6	158.5 ± .5	158.8 ± 1.6	165.0 ± 1.7	.003
RSA during visual orientation	2.67 ± .04	2.77 ± .04	2.84 ± .11	2.47 ± .11	.03
Attention	5.35 ± 0.07	5.34 ± 0.06	5.58 ± 0.19	5.68 ± 0.19	0.23
Arousal	4.42 ± 0.03	4.38 ± 0.03	4.44 ± 0.10	4.45 ± 0.10	0.78
Regulation	5.02 ± 0.04	5.01 ± 0.04	4.91 ± 0.12	4.81 ± .12	0.34
Handling	0.56 ± 0.01	0.53 ± 0.01	0.58 ± 0.04	0.55 ± 0.04	0.46
Quality of movement	4.38 ± 0.04	4.39 ± 0.03	4.54 ± 0.10	4.14 ± 0.10	0.05
Excitability	4.60 ± 0.13	4.60 ± 0.12	4.49 ± 0.36	5.14 ± 0.36	0.53
Lethargy	3.32 ± 0.11	3.57 ± 0.10	3.13 ± 0.30	2.95 ± 0.30	0.08
Nonoptimal reflexes	4.47 ± 0.10	4.40 ± 0.10	4.73 ± 0.30	5.22 ± 0.30	0.05
Asymmetrical reflexes	0.84 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.05	0.67 ± 0.15	1.03 ± .015	0.40
Hypertonicity	0.57 ± 0.05	0.57 ± 0.04	0.47 ± 0.13	0.95 ± 0.13	0.03
Hypotonicity	0.24 ± 0.03	0.22 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.08	0.35 ± 0.08	0.38
Stress/abstinence	0.18 ± 0.004	0.17 ± 0.004	0.20 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.01	<0.001

Note: Estimated marginal means controlling for birth weight, site, sex, and post-menstrual age.