Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Variable (mean±SD), or n (%) | Men (n= 189) | Women (n=272) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 67.2±9.3 | 65.0±9.5 | 0.99 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 154 (82%) | 197 (72%) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 46 (24%) | 35 (13%) | 0.02 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 108 (57%) | 95 (35%) | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 136±17 | 138±19 | 0.10 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71±9 | 69±8 | 0.97 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 60±9 | 63±10 | 0.003 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.9±1.5 | 5.3±1.1 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.3±0.9 | 4.8±1.0 | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.1±0.3 | 1.5±0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.5±0.7 | 1.5±0.8 | 0.63 |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 92.0±20.0 | 73.0±18.0 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 80.3±18.3 | 78.0±17.5 | 0.90 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.0±4.9 | 30.4±9.6 | 0.81 |
| Arterial stiffness variables | |||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 97±11 | 98±12 | 0.10 |
| Brachial PP, mmHg | 66±16 | 70±18 | 0.007 |
| Central SBP, mmHg | 134±21 | 140±23 | 0.01 |
| Central DBP, mmHg | 71±9 | 69±8 | 0.97 |
| Central PP, mmHg | 64±20 | 71±21 | 0.0006 |
| PP amplification | 1.05±0.13 | 1.00±0.14 | 0.99 |
| cfPWV, m/s | 11.9±3.8 | 10.5±3.4 | 0.0001 |
| Zc, dyne × sec/cm5 | 172±64 | 211±75 | <0.0001 |
| Total arterial compliance, mL/mmHg | 1.9±0.7 | 1.4±0.5 | <0.0001 |
| SVRI, dyne·m2/s·cm−5 | 2941±598 | 2921±561 | 0.62 |
| Forward pressure wave, mmHg | 52±15 | 56±16 | 0.02 |
| Reflected pressure wave, mmHg | 19±6 | 21±7 | 0.005 |
| Augmentation index, % | 11.7±10.8 | 18.2±11.0 | <0.0001 |
| Reflected wave arrival time, ms | 147.5±22.4 | 128.6±24.7 | <0.0001 |
| Echocardiographic variables | |||
| LV septal thickness, mm | 12±2 | 10±1 | <0.0001 |
| LV posterior wall thickness, mm | 11±2 | 10±1 | <0.0001 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter, mm | 49±5 | 45±4 | <0.0001 |
| LV end-systolic diameter, mm | 31±5 | 27±4 | <0.0001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 99.9±24.4 | 86.7±19.0 | <0.0001 |
| LV relative wall thickness | 0.48±0.07 | 0.46±0.07 | 0.99 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 61±7 | 65±5 | <0.0001 |
| Left atrial volume index (cc/m2) | 30±9 | 29±8 | 0.51 |
| Mitral inflow E/A ratio | 0.91±0.27 | 0.96±0.29 | 0.07 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 227±48 | 216±42 | 0.99 |
| Tissue Doppler medial E’ velocity (m/s) | 0.08±0.02 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.01 |
| Tissue Doppler lateral E’ velocity (m/s) | 0.10±0.03 | 0.10±0.03 | 0.11 |
| Medial E/e’ ratio | 8.0±2.3 | 8.8±3.4 | 0.05 |
| Lateral E/e’ ratio | 6.7±2.3 | 7.4±2.7 | 0.01 |
| Normal diastolic function, n (%) | 59 (31%) | 95 (35 %) | 0.43 |
| Grade 1 diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 61 (33%) | 77 (29%) | 0.37 |
| Grade 2 diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 13 (7%) | 28 (10%) | 0.23 |
| Grades 3–4 diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Any diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 74 (39%) | 105 (39 %) | 0.86 |
| Indeterminate diastolic function, | 49 (26 %) | 67 (25 %) | 0.66 |
| n (%)* | |||
| RVSP, mmHg | 29.7±6.8 | 29.7±5.9 | 0.66 |
| Ascending aortic diameter, mm | 35.6±3.7 | 32.6±3.7 | <0.0001 |
| LV outflow tract diameter, mm | 2.3±0.2 | 2.0±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Ventricular- arterial coupling variables † (n=380) | |||
| Ea (mmHg/mL) | 1.30±0.28 | 1.57±0.36 | <0.0001 |
| Ees (mmHg/mL) | 1.42±0.38 | 1.73±0.47 | <0.0001 |
| Ea/Ees | 0.94±0.17 | 0.93±0.19 | 0.71 |
*
Includes participants with missing diastolic function variables or those whose diastolic function did not meet criteria for normal diastolic function or for diastolic dysfunction.
†
Available in 380 participants.
AIx : augmentation index. cfPWV : carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Ea: effective arterial elastance. Ees: end-systolic elastance. Ea/Ees: ventricular-arterial coupling ratio. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. LAVI : left atrial volume index. LV: left ventricle. PP: pulse pressure. RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure. SBP: systolic blood pressure. SVRI: systemic vascular resistance index. Zc: aortic characteristic impedance