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. 2013 Jun 11;2(3):256–269. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.06.001

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Changes in plasma inflammatory cytokines in response to diet and MLDL1278a antibody treatment. The gray straight line in each panel indicates the average plasma cytokine level in normal diet-fed control animals. (A) TNF-α was significantly increased in HFFD animals (two-tailed t-test; p<0.0001) compared to control animals when measured by ELISA. Treatment with MLDL1278a significantly reduced TNF-α levels compared to week 0 (repeated measures ANOVA with Dunnett's posthoc analysis) from week 8 to at least week 24. (B) HFFD significantly increased IL-1β levels (two-tailed t-test; p<0.001) and MLDL1278a treatment significantly improved IL-1β levels from 4 weeks after treatment was initiated. IL-1β levels were still significantly lower 24 weeks after the start of the treatment. (C) GM-CSF levels were not altered by HFFD, however a significant spike in levels was detected 8 weeks after the treatment was initiated. (D) IFN-γ levels were increased in response to the HFFD, and MLDL1278a treatment resulted in a significant rise in IFN-γ levels during the treatment period. Levels remained elevated during the washout period. Values represent the mean±SEM.