Table 1.
Characteristics of older adults with diabetes who participated in the DISTANCE survey, 2005–2006
| eGFR Category (mL/min/1.73 m2) | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥90 (n=1,222) | 75–89 (n=1,513) | 60–74 (n=1,602) | 45–59 (n=959) | 30–44 (n=392) | ≤29 (n=117) | ||
| Age (y)* | 64.2± 3.7 | 67.2 ±4.2 | 68.1 ±5.0 | 68.7 ±4.7 | 69.2 ±4.5 | 68.2 ±4.7 | < 0.001 |
| Female sex | 653 (53.4) | 664 (43.9) | 724 (45.2) | 512 (53.4) | 220 (56.1) | 73 (62.4) | < 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Black | 218 (17.8) | 268 (17.7) | 296 (18.5) | 195 (20.3) | 94 (24.0) | 33 (28.2) | |
| Asian | 163 (13.3) | 226 (14.9) | 206 (12.9) | 117 (12.2) | 40 (10.2) | 9 (7.7) | |
| White | 264 (21.6) | 402 (26.6) | 500 (31.2) | 291 (30.3) | 120 (30.6) | 31 (26.5) | |
| Filipino | 136 (1.1) | 143 (9.5) | 154 (9.6) | 121 (12.6) | 39 (10.0) | 15 (12.8) | |
| Latino | 232 (19.0) | 255 (16.9) | 222 (13.9) | 110 (11.5) | 52 (13.3) | 14 (12.0) | |
| Multiracial | 159 (13.0) | 166 (11.0) | 164 (10.2) | 93 (9.7) | 40 (10.2) | 13 (11.1) | |
| Other | 50 (4.1) | 53 (3.5) | 60 (3.8) | 32 (3.3) | 7 (1.8) | 2 (1.7) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No degree | 184 (15.4) | 256 (17.2) | 238 (15.2) | 163 (17.4) | 65 (16.9) | 25 (21.7) | |
| High school or GED | 316 (26.5) | 398 (26.7) | 454 (29.0) | 293 (31.3) | 141 (36.6) | 40 (34.8) | |
| Associates degree or technical | 336 (28.1) | 358 (24.0) | 357 (22.8) | 220 (23.5) | 85 (22.1) | 22 (19.1) | |
| College, masters, doctorate | 358 (30.0 | 477 (32.0) | 515 (32.9) | 261 (27.9) | 94 (24.4) | 28 (24.4 | |
| Income | < 0.001 | ||||||
| <$25,000 | 248 (22.8) | 332 (24.9) | 348 (24.8) | 224 (26.7) | 107 (30.3) | 31 (30.4) | |
| $25–49,000 | 325 (29.9) | 430 (32.3) | 415 (29.6) | 294 (35.0) | 128 (36.3) | 38 (37.3) | |
| $50–79,000 | 262 (24.1) | 286 (21.5) | 329 (23.5) | 177 (21.1) | 77 (21.8) | 20 (19.6) | |
| −≥$80,000 | 251 (23.1) | 284 (21.3) | 310 (22.1) | 144 (17.2) | 41 (11.6) | 13 (12.8) | |
| Married | 825 (68.1) | 1,095 (72.8) | 1,108 (69.5) | 632 (66.5) | 257 (65.9) | 68 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity category | 0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight/normal | 198 (17.4) | 275 (19.5) | 265 (17.5) | 139 (15.2) | 46 (12.2) | 16 (14.2) | |
| Overweight | 391 (34.3) | 518 (36.7) | 547 (36.2) | 323 (35.3) | 109 (28.8) | 39 (34.5) | |
| Mildly obese | 278 (24.4) | 319 (22.6) | 383 (25.4) | 232 (25.4) | 115 (30.4) | 31 (27.4) | |
| Moderate/extreme obesity | 274 (24.0) | 300 (21.3) | 316 (20.9) | 220 (24.1) | 108 (28.6) | 27 (23.9) | |
| Duration of diabetes (y)** | 10.2 ±8.8 | 10.8 ±9.1 | 11.8 ±9.6 | 12.8 ±10.0 | 14.8 ±10.5 | 18.6 ±10.0 | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 58 (4.8) | 93 (6.2) | 110 (6.9) | 83 (8.7) | 44 (11.2) | 17 (14.5) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 67 (5.5) | 89 (5.9) | 131 (8.2) | 94 (9.8) | 65 (16.6) | 21 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 49 (4.0) | 68 (4.5) | 113 (7.1) | 77 (8.0) | 46 (11.7) | 21 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 62 (5.1) | 71 (4.7) | 134 (8.4) | 119 (12.4) | 99 (25.3) | 40 (34.2) | < 0.001 |
| Proteinuria | 56 (5.2) | 79 (6.0) | 111 (7.9) | 134 (16.1) | 107 (31.0) | 60 (60.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)^ | 13.7 ±1.4 | 13.8 ±1.5 | 13.5 ±1.5 | 13.0 ±1.7 | 12.5 ±1.5 | 12.0 ±1.4 | < 0.001 |
Note: N=5,805. Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: DISTANCE, Diabetes Study of Northern California; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GED, General Education Development.
*
Range, 60–77 y.
**
Range, 0–72 y.
^
Range, 7.6–19.4 g/dL.