Table 1.
Biochemical characteristics of P. larvae isolates and Paenibacillus reference strains.
| Biochemical tests | P. larvae | Paenibacillus reference strains (BGSC) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 75 isolates of P. larvae | P. alvei 46-c-3 | P. alvei 2771 | P. popilliae 2525 | P. popilliae B2519 | P. thiaminolyticus a | P. dendritiformis T168b | P. polymyxa ATCC 842T | P. vorticalis 31A1 | P. macerans BKM B-51 | |
| Catalase activity | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + |
| Oxidasec | v | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + |
| Starch hydrolysis | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | + |
| Casein hydrolysis | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Dihydroxyacetone | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
| Tyrosine decomposition | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
| Gelatin liquefaction | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | + |
| Methyl redd | v | − | + | − | − | + | − | + | − | + |
| Indole productione | v | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Urea | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
| DNase | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nitrate reductionf | v | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | + |
| Voges-Proskauer test | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + |
| Glucose | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + |
| Lactose | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Gaze | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| H2S | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Citrate utilization | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
| 2% NaCl | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 5% NaCl | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
| 4°C and 50°C | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 30°C and 37°C | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Nutrient broth | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
a P. thiaminolyticus NRRLB-4156T; b P. dendritiformis subsp. dendron; BGSC: Bacillus Genetic Stock Center; +: 100% of the strains positive; −: 100% of strains negative; v: variation between strains; c7% (−) and 93% (+); d1% (+) and 99% (−).