| Essential amino acid synthesis |
Various bacteria and fungi (“yeast-like symbionts”) in Hemiptera, e.g. Buchnera in aphids, Sulcia and Baumannia in leafhoppers |
Buchner (1965); Douglas(2003); McCutcheon et al. (2009a)
|
| Vitamin synthesis |
Various bacteria in Coleoptera (especially stored product beetles, anobiid beetles) and Hemiptera |
Nakabachi and Ishikawa, (1999); McCutcheon and Moran (2007); Buchner (1965)
|
| Nitrogen fixation |
Various termites |
Ohkuma et al. (1999) |
| Sterol synthesis |
“Yeast-like symbionts” in some planthoppers and some xylophagous beetles |
Noda and Koizumi (2003); Norris et al., (1969)
|
| Degradation of complex plant polysaccharides |
Protists in lower termites, bacteria in scarab beetles |
Bugg et al. (2011); Calderon-Cortes et al. (2012)
|
| Detoxification of allelochemicals |
Attinine ants, Dendroctonus beetles |
De Fine Licht et al. (2013); Adams et al. (2013)
|
