Table 1.
Program activities and targets. Targets are categorised into the following levels: IND: individual; INT: interpersonal; ORG: organisation; COM: community; SOC: Australian society (see Methods). Additional or alternative targets identified by community-based researchers are shown in bold italics.
| Program name | Activity | Targets | Target levels |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temporary Reversion to Traditional Lifestyle (Kimberley, WA, Australia) [21] 1984 * | • Returning to traditional lands | Community members | IND, COM |
| • Hunting/Gathering | Community members | IND, COM | |
| Minjilang Health Program (Top End, NT, Australia) [22,23] 1994, 1995 | • Provide and promote nutritious food in store | Food supply | IND, ORG, INT, COM |
| • Regular air charter to transport fresh produce | Food supply | ORG, COM | |
| • ALPA store nutrition policy ** | Food supply | ORG, COM | |
| • Elders told traditional stories highlighting overconsumption and greed and community interpreted these as warnings about overconsumption of fat and sugar. | Community members | IND, INT | |
| • “Shelf-talkers” to highlight target foods | Shoppers; store characteristics | IND, ORG, INT | |
| • Alcohol prohibition | Minjilang community | COM, INT | |
| • Heart health screening program | Clinical systems | ORG, IND, COM | |
| Eliminating petrol sniffing (Arnhem Land, NT, Australia) [24] 1995 | • Introduction of Avgas in Maningrida | Fuel supply | ORG, COM |
| • Community support and governance | Community capacity | COM | |
| • Employment and skills-training programs | Community capacity | IND | |
| Halls Creek Alcohol Program (Halls Creek, WA, Australia) [25] 1998 | • No packaged liquor sold before midday | Hotel/Bottle shops | ORG, SOC |
| • Cask wine only sold between 4 pm and 6 pm | Hotel/Bottle shops | ORG, SOC | |
| • One case of wine per person on any one day | Customer | IND, COM | |
| • School education program | Students | IND, COM | |
| • Introduction of CDEP | unemployed | IND, COM | |
| • Expanded TAFE services | Education system | COM, SOC | |
| • Arts centre established | Community infrastructure | COM | |
| Looma Healthy Lifestyle (Kimberley, WA, Australia) [26,27] 2000, 2001 | • Store management policy changes | Food supply | ORG |
| • Formal and informal education sessions | Community members | IND, INT | |
| • Regular exercise groups | Community members | IND, INT | |
| • Simple dietary advice | Community members | IND | |
| • Sports festivals | Community members & orgs | IND, INT, ORG | |
| • Art competitions and sporting festivals | Community members & orgs | IND, INT, ORG | |
| • nonsmoking policy in public buildings | Public building space | COM, IND | |
| • Store tours to identify healthy food choices. | Shoppers | IND | |
| • Hunting trips, sport, walking groups | Community members, teams/groups | IND, INT, COM | |
| • Sport and recreational officer appointed | Organisational capacity | ORG | |
| • Council set up office as a base for program | Program infrastructure | ORG | |
| • Health education classes conducted by AHWs in the community school | Students | IND | |
| • School curriculum change | School | ORG | |
| Nutrition awareness and healthy lifestyle program (Central Australia, NT, Australia) [28] 2000 | • Changes to food supply at the community store | Food supply | ORG |
| • Nutrition awareness | Community members | IND | |
| Waste water-reuse Program (13 remote communities, WA, Australia) [29] 2001 | • Evapotranspiration units installed in 13 communities | Waste management infrastructure | COM |
| Review of petrol sniffing programs (Aboriginal communities across Australia) [30] 2002 | • Substitution of petrol with Avgas/Comgas | Fuel supply | ORG |
| • Using unleaded petrol | Fuel supply | ORG | |
| • Locking up petrol supplies | Fuel supply | ORG | |
| • Adding deterrents to petrol | Fuel supply | ORG | |
| • Movement to outstations/homeland centres | Community members | IND, INT | |
| Remote community swimming pools (Mugarinya & Jigalong, WA, Australia) [31,32] 2003, 2008 | • Installation of a swimming pool | Community infrastructure | COM |
| • “No School-No Pool” policy | School | ORG, SOC | |
| Clinical Systems Development; ABCD (Top End, NT, Australia) [33,34,35] 2004, 2007 | • Clinical guidelines | Clinical practice | ORG |
| • Electronic systems to support implementation of clinical guidelines | Clinical practice | ORG | |
| • Staff training | Clinical capacity | ORG | |
| Community tobacco study (Top End, NT, Australia) [36] 2006 | • Smoke-free enclosed public places | Public places | ORG, COM, IND |
| • Sports carnival sponsorship | Community members and Orgs | ORG | |
| • Culturally appropriate health promotion materials | Community members | IND | |
| • Women’s Centre tobacco education program | Women | IND | |
| • School education about tobacco | Students | IND | |
| Mt Theo Program (Central Australia, NT, Australia) [37] 2006 | • Placement at Outstation | Community members | IND |
| • Discussion with Elders | Community members | IND, INT | |
| • Hunting | Community members | IND, INT | |
| • Love, care and pray for young people | Young people | IND | |
| • Education and healthcare | Community members | IND | |
| • Diversion program | Community members | IND | |
| Alcohol Restrictions Trial (Alice Springs, NT, Australia) [38] 2006 | • Ban on alcohol in containers >2 L | Alcohol supply | ORG, COM |
| • Reduced take-away trading hours | Store | ORG, SOC | |
| • Only light beer sold in bars before noon | Hotels | ORG, SOC | |
| Health Hardware Program (132 communities, TSI, NT, NSW, WA, QLD, NSW, SA, Australia) [39] 2008 | • Development of survey-fix methods | Healthhabitat’s intellectual property | ORG, SOC |
| • Local members recruited and trained | Community members & capacity | IND, COM | |
| • Survey fix process | Houses in community | COM | |
| • Fixing hardware | Family homes | INT, COM | |
| Caring for Country (Arnhem Land, NT, Australia) [40] 2008 | • Time on country | Land and people | IND, COM |
| • Burning of annual grasses | Land | IND, COM | |
| • Using country; gathering food & medicinal resources | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Ceremony | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Protecting country/sacred areas | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Producing artwork | People | IND, COM | |
| Homelands Movement (Central Australia, NT, Australia) [41,42] 2008, 2012 | • Land Rights Act passed | Commonwealth Legislation | SOC |
| • Return of Clans to traditional lands | Community members | INT, COM, IND | |
| • Establishment of outstations | Community infrastructure | COM | |
| • Administrative offices established | Community infrastructure | ORG, COM, SOC | |
| • Store established | Supplies | ORG, COM, SOC | |
| • Clinic established | Urapuntja Health Service | ORG, IND, COM | |
| • Outreach Health Service | Community members on Homelands | COM, IND, INT, ORG | |
| • Alcohol prohibition | Utopia community | COM | |
| Northern Territory Emergency Response (10 remote communities, NT, Australia) [43] 2010 | • 50% Income Management by Government | Aboriginal people on Social Security payments in 73 prescribed communities | IND, INT, COM |
| • Racial Discrimination Act suspended | Commonwealth legislation | SOC | |
| Health Promotion Program (Goulburn-Murray Region, VIC, Australia) [44] 2011 | • Healthy canteen policy | Food supply | IND, ORG |
| • Health Summer School | Health promotion practitioners | IND, ORG | |
| • “Hungry for Victory” youth nutrition program | U17 footballers & netballers; mentors | IND, INT, ORG | |
| • Provision of fruit for members | RFNC attendees, club members | IND, ORG | |
| • Focus groups on guidelines | Participants; organisational partnership | IND, ORG | |
| • Women’s Wellbeing Group | Women; organisational partnership | IND, ORG | |
| • 10-week body challenge | Workplace; staff members | IND, ORG | |
| Healthy Lifestyle Program (Arnhemland, NT, Australia) [16] 2011 | • School canteen with good facilities, nutritious snacks | Food supply | ORG, IND |
| • Community marke—access to fresh fruits, bush foods, fish and shell-fish | Food supply | COM | |
| • Restrictions on deep-fried food sales | Store | ORG, COM | |
| • Healthy breakfast program at school | Students | IND, INT, ORG | |
| • Family food gardens | Families | INT, IND | |
| • Community footy league established | Young men | IND, COM | |
| • Healthy Lifestyle Festival | Community members | IND, INT, ORG, COM | |
| • Weekly walking program | Community members | IND, INT | |
| Cape York SRS (Cape York, QLD, Australia) [45] 2011 | • Govt regulated legal availability of alcohol for sale, in partnership with Elders and locals | Law | SOC |
| • Individual possession limits | Community member | IND | |
| • Police and judicial enforcement | Community member | IND | |
| Housing Program (10 communities, NT, Australia) [46] 2011 | • Construction of new houses | Housing infrastructure | COM, SOC |
| • Uninhabitable houses earmarked for demolition | Housing infrastructure | COM, SOC | |
| Bush food harvesting (central Australia, NT, Australia) [47] 2011 | • Burning | Land | IND, COM |
| • Ceremony | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Protecting country/sacred areas | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Family harvesting trips | Land and people | IND, INT, COM | |
| • Processing and selling plant produce | Produce, people, family, community | IND, COM | |
| Arafura Rangers (Arnhemland, NT, Australia) [48] 2012 | • Burning | Land | IND, COM |
| • Protecting country/sacred areas | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Training in aquaculture | Workforce capacity | IND, COM | |
| • Recording Traditional Ecological Knowledge | unclear from description | ||
| Wunambal Gaambera Healthy Country Project (Kimberley, WA, Australia) [49] 2012 | • Time on country | Land and people | IND, COM |
| • Burning | Land | IND, COM | |
| • Using country | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Protecting Country/sacred areas | Land and people | IND, COM | |
| • Producing artwork | People | IND, COM | |
| • Native Title application | Legal recognition by mainstream | SOC | |
| • Developing partnerships with government and NGOs | WGHC Project | ORG |
* Year of publication; ** ALPA: Arnhem Land Progress Association.