Table 1.

Comparison of assembly and 3D tissue engineering technologies.

Performance metric	Microfluidic Assembly[115–117]	Ratchet assembly[71]	Acoustic Assembly[42]	Magnetic Assembly[43]	Surface tension driven assembly[205]	Scaffold based engineering[25–27,40]	Laser Bioprinting[64,91]	InkJet Bioprinting[88–90]
Throughput	Low	High	High	High	Medium	Medium	Medium	High
Microgel Size	50 μm and smaller	50–1000 μm	50–1000 μm	50–1000 μm	200–1000 μm	N/A	N/A	100–1000 μm
Complexity	High	Low	Low	Medium	Low	Low	High	High
Adverse Effects on Cells	Low	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium
Spatial Resolution	High	Medium	Medium	High	Low	Low	High	High
Cell density	High	High	High	High	High	High	Medium	Medium