Table 2.
Significantly enriched GO categories for upregulated genes
| Copper Concentration, μM |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 200 | 400 | 600 | |||
| 4 h exposure | ||||||
| Transition metal ion binding (8)* | Transition metal ion binding (12)* | Cadmium ion binding (7)* | Cell cycle arrest (7)* | |||
| Response to stimulus (10)* | Cell cycle arrest (4)* | Cysteine metabolism (3)* | ||||
| Copper ion binding (8)* | Protein kinase inhibitor activity (5)* | |||||
| Cysteine metabolism (3)* | Response to stress (33)* | |||||
| Kinase inhibitor activity (3)* | Transcription corepressor activity (10)* | |||||
| Response to stress (19)* | Transition metal ion binding (32)* | |||||
| Transcription corepressor activity (5)* | MAPK phosphatase activity (4) | |||||
| Cell growth (6) | Negative regulation of apoptosis (12) | |||||
| Glutathione biosynthesis (2) | Negative regulation of transcription (11) | |||||
| Muscle cell differentiation (3) | Protein folding (14) | |||||
| Protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation (3) | Regulation of erythrocyte differentiation (2) | |||||
| Substrate-bound cell migration\cell extension (2) | ||||||
| Protein dimerization activity (12) | ||||||
| Regulation of transcription, DNA dependent (26) | ||||||
| Taxis (5) | ||||||
| Transcription factor activity (15) | ||||||
| 8 h exposure | ||||||
| Transition metal ion binding (7)* | Transition metal ion binding (7)* | Cadmium ion binding (7)* | Cell fate determination (4)* | |||
| Cell fate determination (3)* | Cell growth (11)* | |||||
| Cell growth (6)* | Cysteine metabolism (3)* | |||||
| Copper ion binding (9)* | MAPK phosphatase activity (4)* | |||||
| Cysteine metabolism (3)* | Protein folding (17)* | |||||
| MAPK phosphatase activity (2)* | Protein dimerization activity (20)* | |||||
| Protein dimerization activity (9)* | Transition metal ion binding (73)* | |||||
| Protein folding (11)* | Cell cycle arrest (8) | |||||
| Glutathione biosynthesis (2) | Negative regulation of apoptosis (10) | |||||
| IGF binding (3) | Protein kinase inhibitor activity (5) | |||||
| LDL receptor activity (2) | Regulation of erythrocyte differentiation (2) | |||||
| Muscle cell differentiation (3) | Regulation of transcription (70) | |||||
| Oxygen and ROS metabolism (4) | Ribosome assembly (3) | |||||
| Regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis (2) | Transcription corepressor activity (9) | |||||
| Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (9) | ||||||
| Response to stress (19) | ||||||
| Transition metal ion homeostasis (3) | ||||||
| 12 h exposure | ||||||
| Cadmium ion binding (2)* | Transition metal ion binding (10)* | Cadmium ion binding (7)* | Copper ion homeostasis (2)* | |||
| Copper ion binding (2)* | Copper ion binding (8)* | Cysteine metabolism (3)* | ||||
| Cysteine metabolism (3)* | Glutathione metabolism (3)* | |||||
| Glutathione biosynthesis (2)* | MAPK phosphatase activity (3)* | |||||
| MAPK phosphatase activity (3)* | Muscle cell differentiation (3)* | |||||
| Muscle cell differentiation (3)* | Regulation of apoptosis (23)* | |||||
| Negative regulation of apoptosis (9)* | Response to stress (99)* | |||||
| Response to stimulus (40)* | Transition metal ion binding (57)* | |||||
| Cell fate determination (4) | Antibacterial humoral response (2) | |||||
| Collagen catabolism (3) | Calcium-dependent protein binding (3) | |||||
| Hemopoiesis (7) | Cell cycle arrest (8) | |||||
| Peptidoglycan metabolism (3) | Cell growth (14) | |||||
| Ribosome assembly (2) | Endosome organization and biogenesis (2) | |||||
| GTPase activity (13) | ||||||
| Kinase inhibitor activity (4) | ||||||
| LDL receptor activity (3) | ||||||
| Protein dimerization activity (24) | ||||||
| Small GTPase-mediated signal transduction (21) | ||||||
| Transcription corepressor activity (9) | ||||||
| Transcription factor activity (68) | ||||||
| 24 h exposure | ||||||
| Transition metal ion binding (8)* | Transition metal ion binding (10)* | Cadmium ion binding (7)* | Cadmium ion binding (7)* | |||
| Calcium ion binding (22)* | Cell fate determination (4)* | |||||
| Cell fate determination (3)* | Copper ion binding (9)* | |||||
| Copper ion binding (8)* | Hemopoiesis (9)* | |||||
| Hemopoiesis (6)* | Muscle cell differentiation (5)* | |||||
| Muscle cell differentiation (3)* | Positive regulation of cell proliferation (12)* | |||||
| Positive regulation of cell proliferation (7)* | Protein dimerization activity (18)* | |||||
| Regulation of cell migration (5)* | ||||||
| Protein dimerization activity (10)* | Angiogenesis (8) | |||||
| Endothelial cell migration (2)* | Cell growth (12) | |||||
| Cysteine metabolism (3) | Glycerol kinase activity (2) | |||||
| Glutathione biosynthesis (2) | Growth factor activity (14) | |||||
| LDL receptor activity (2) | GTPase regulator activity (20) | |||||
| Protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation (3) | MAP kinase phosphatase activity (3) | |||||
| Protein kinase inhibitor activity (6) | ||||||
| Ribosome assembly (2) | Small GTPase mediated signal transduction (22) | |||||
Shown are Gene Ontology (GO) categories with P ≤ 0.005. Responsive genes were 2-fold upregulated with FDR P ≤ 0.05. Numbers in parentheses are numbers of genes in the GO category.
*
Common GO categories between two or more copper concentrations.