. 2013 Jul 26;4(3):225–229. doi: 10.1007/s13539-013-0112-z

Table 1.

Characteristics according to the presence of cognitive dysfunction (n = 181)

Variables^a		No cognitive dysfunction^b (n = 160)	Cognitive dysfunction^b (n = 21)	p value^c
Age		77.8 ± 2.2	79.1 ± 2.2	0.01
Age (year)	<80	126 (78.7)	11 (52.4)	<0.01
Age (year)	≥80	34 (21.3)	10 (47.6)	<0.01
Body mass index		24.2 ± 3.3	24.2 ± 2.9	0.99
Body mass index at 7 years		24.3 ± 3.6	22.8 ± 3.6	0.07
MMSE scores at 7 years		28.4 ± 1.4	22.5 ± 3.3	<0.01
Certificate of graduation	Graduate	146 (91.2)	18 (85.7)	0.41
Certificate of graduation	Less than graduate	14 (8.8)	3 (14.3)	0.41
Physically active	Yes	57 (35.8)	6 (28.6)	0.51
Physically active	No	102 (64.2)	15 (71.4)	0.51
Gait speed (m s⁻¹)	>0.8	121 (75.6)	11 (52.4)	0.02
Gait speed (m s⁻¹)	≤0.8	39 (24.4)	10 (47.6)	0.02
Tertiles of percent change in the MMI (%)	−37.3 to −9.1	51 (83.6)	10 (16.4)	0.34
	−9.2 to −3.9	54 (90.0)	6 (10.0)
	−3.8 to 19.4	55 (91.7)	5 (8.3)
Tertiles of percent change in the FMI (%)	−71.5 to −9.8	51 (83.6)	10 (16.4)	0.34
	−9.5 to 3.6	54 (90.0)	6 (10.0)
	3.8 to 144.5	55 (91.7)	5 (8.3)
Difference in body mass index		0.2 ± 1.7	−1.0 ± 2.2	<0.01

MMI muscle mass index (in kilograms/squared height), FMI fat mass index (in kilograms/squared height), MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination (score over 30). Italics represent a statistical significant difference

^aAge, body mass index (in kilograms/squared height), certificate of graduation, physically active, and gait speed are baseline characteristics

^bResults are presented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation

^cBased on Student's or chi-square statistics or nonparametric tests as appropriate