Table 1.
Comparison of clinical data between the two groups.
| Factors | PPC (n=143) |
Non-PPC (n=1913) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-operation | ||||
| Older age (over 65 years old) | 50(34.9%) | 215(11.2%) | <0.0001 | |
| Woman | 55(38.5%) | 530(27.7%) | 0.0071 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2±3.2 | 24.9±2.5 | 0.1757 | |
| Recent smoking | 57(39.9%) | 545(28.5%) | 0.0055 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20(13.9%) | 211(11.0%) | 0.2729 | |
| Hypertension | 43(30.1%) | 612(31.9%) | 0.7099 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 28(19.6%) | 405(21.2%) | 0.7498 | |
| COPD | 46(32.2%) | 114(5.9%) | <0.0001 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 18(12.6%) | 161(8.4%) | 0.0912 | |
| Long-term use of steroid hormone | 2(1.4%) | 6(0.3%) | 0.1020 | |
| Chronic renal dysfunction | 7(4.9%) | 55(2.9%) | 0.1968 | |
| Recent MI | 20(13.9%) | 186(9.7%) | 0.1113 | |
| Prior heart operation | 4(2.8%) | 21(1.1%) | 0.0907 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 52(36.4%) | 223(11.7%) | 0.0008 | |
| Hemoglobin level (mg/dl) | 11.0±2.2 | 11.2±2.0 | 0.2523 | |
| Impaired left ventricular function | 12(8.4%) | 102(5.3%) | 0.1285 | |
| Vasoactive drugs support | 22 (15.4%) | 164 (8.6%) | 0.0097 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 49(34.3%) | 512(26.8%) | 0.0639 | |
| LVEDD (mm) | 52.9±7.6 | 52.3±4.2 | 0.1257 | |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 74.8±8.3 | 77.8±5.8 | <0.0001 | |
| Intra-operation | ||||
| Emergency surgery | 5(3.5%) | 38(2.0%) | 0.2186 | |
| Type of operation | 0.0732 | |||
| Valve only | 65(45.4%) | 706(36.9%) | ||
| CABG only | 28(19.6%) | 305(15.9%) | ||
| Valve+CABG | 11(7.7%) | 73(3.8%) | ||
| Aortic surgery | 29(20.3%) | 61(3.2%) | ||
| CHD | 10(7.0%) | 768(40.2%) | ||
| CPB (min) | 95.8±15.5 | 92.5±12.6 | 0.0030 | |
| ACC (min) | 78.6±8.8 | 76.3±7.8 | 0.0008 | |
| Post-operation (before extubation) | ||||
| Use of IABP | 13(9.1%) | 72(3.8%) | 0.0067 | |
| AMI | 2(1.4%) | 6(0.3%) | 0.1020 | |
| New onset of atrial fibrillation | 39(27.3%) | 317(16.6%) | 0.0019 | |
| Pleural effusion | 21(14.7%) | 195(10.2%) | 0.1179 | |
| Acute kidney injury | 35(24.5%) | 187(9.8%) | <0.0001 | |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 12 (8.4%) | 81(4.2%) | 0.0334 | |
| Sternal infection | 8(5.6%) | 62(3.2%) | 0.1464 | |
| Re-operation for bleeding | 5(3.5%) | 30(1.6%) | 0.0911 | |
| Anaemia | 46(32.2%) | 437(22.8%) | 0.0139 | |
| Phrenic nerve injury | 29(20.3%) | 95(5.0%) | <0.0001 | |
PPC: postoperative pulmonary complications; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI: myocardial infarction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; PaO2: arterial oxygenation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHD, congenital heart disease; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ACC: aortic cross clamping; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.