Table 1.

Coding criteria for attitude focus

Attitude focus	Coding criteria	Scale item example
Emotion	Must measure emotions/feelings toward outgroups. Must go beyond overall positive/negative valence	“Have you ever felt admiration for Surinam people?”(Dijker, 1987, p. 311)
Stereotype	Must measure endorsement of outgroup holding various traits. Traits cannot be limited to terms that connote nothing more than overall valence (e.g., beautiful, ugly, good vs. bad)	“For each listed trait [of 41] (foresight, suggestibility, self-control, intelligence, etc.) the subject was asked whether he considered, first Negroes, then mulattoes, as inferior, equal or superior to Whites (Bastide & Van Den Berghe, 1957, p. 690)”
Belief	Any belief that does not concern outgroup traits. Cannot include beliefs about future behaviors. Can include beliefs about the reasons behind outgroups’ status, policies, and what should be done about outgroups	Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986)
Stereotype and belief	Any combination of above two categories
Overall valence	Must measure overall positive versus negative evaluation, without reference to specific beliefs, stereotypes, emotions, or behaviors	Rating of own prejudice level from “very unprejudiced” to “very prejudiced” (Harkins & Becker, 1979, p. 202)
Valence and emotion	Any combination of overall valence and emotion. Includes feelings limited to simple positive-negative connotations (e.g., feeling unfavorable vs. favorable), such as in feeling thermometers	“Use the feeling thermometer to give your general impression of Surinam people. You may use any number between 0 and 100°. Numbers between 50 and 100 mean that you feel favourable towards these people. Numbers between 0 and 49 mean you feel unfavourable towards Surinam people” (Dijker, 1987, p. 312)
Valence and stereotype	Any combination of overall valence and stereotype. Includes traits limited to simple positive-negative connotations (e.g., good vs. bad, kind vs. unkind) measured implicitly	Word-completion, 12 words paired with Black, 12 with White faces; words could be completed as positive, negative, and/or neutral. (Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997)
Behavioral intention	Must ask participants how they think they would behave toward an outgroup member	“I wouldn’t mind attending a party in which there were both Negro and White couples” (Linn, 1965, p. 356)
Mixed/other	Any other combination, unspecified, or other type of focus (e.g., motivation behind prejudice; Plant & Devine, 1998)	Multifactor Racial Attitudes Inventory (Woodmansee & Cook, 1967)