Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristics | Baseline Hb ≥11 g/dl (n =2364), n (%) | Baseline Hb <11 g/dl (n =4884), n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | ||
| <20 | 347 (15) | 809 (17) |
| 20–24 | 892 (38) | 1978 (41) |
| 25–29 | 685 (29) | 1257 (26) |
| ≥30 | 428 (18) | 814 (17) |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| <22 | 411 (20) | 1278 (30) |
| 22–24.99 | 656 (32) | 1565 (37) |
| 25–29.99 | 691 (33) | 1164 (27) |
| ≥30 | 306 (15) | 296 (6) |
| No. of previous pregnancies | ||
| 0 (primigravida) | 1038 (44) | 2235 (46) |
| 1 | 663 (28) | 1308 (27) |
| 2 | 353 (15) | 716 (15) |
| ≥3 | 297 (13) | 593 (12) |
| Weeks gestation at baseline (median) <20.9 | 1201 (51) | 2942 (60) |
| Baseline hemoglobin (g/dl)a | 11.8 (1) | 9.5 (1) |
| Height (cm)a | 155.8 (6) | 155.3 (6) |
| Baseline weight (kg)a | 62.3 (11.6) | 58.2 (10) |
| Baseline mid-upper arm circumferance (cm) (median)a | 27.5 (3.6) | 25.9 (3) |
| Mothers CD4 at baseline (cells/ml)a | 822.1 (266) | 795.6 (254) |
| Socio-economic characteristics | ||
| Per day spending for food (TShs) ≤500 | 883 (40) | 1780 (40) |
| Marital status | ||
| Cohabitating | 523 (22) | 985 (20) |
| Monogamous | 1477 (62) | 3107 (64) |
| Polygamous | 100 (4) | 172 (4) |
| Unmarried | 250 (11) | 575 (12) |
| Occupation | ||
| Housewife | 1628 (72) | 3604 (76) |
| Professional | 51 (2) | 88 (2) |
| Business | 112 (5) | 145 (3) |
| Office | 62 (3) | 65 (1) |
| Low skills | 35 (2) | 84 (2) |
| Public house | 19 (1) | 37 (1) |
| Other | 364 (16) | 689 (15) |
| Education | ||
| 0–4 years | 202 (9) | 641 (13) |
| 5–7 years | 1545 (65) | 3230 (66) |
| 8–11 years | 452 (19) | 770 (16) |
| 12 or more years | 153 (6) | 220 (5) |
| Owns/possesses | ||
| Sofa | 1796 (76.5) | 3358 (69) |
| Television | 1027 (43.8) | 1715 (51) |
| Cohabitating | 521 (22.2) | 981 (20) |
| Radio | 1969 (83.9) | 3900 (80) |
| Refrigerator | 661 (28.2) | 1029 (21) |
| Fan | 1264 (53.9) | 2192 (45) |
| Filmer–Pritchett wealth score below median <1.6 | 968 (41) | 2498 (51) |
| Dietary characteristics | ||
| Consumed alcohol at enrollment | ||
| Once a week | 1 (0.07) | 0 (0) |
| 1–3 times per month | 177 (12.2) | 334 (12) |
| Less than once per month | 80 (5.5) | 148 (5) |
| Never | 1918 (82.2) | 2370 (83) |
| History of meat consumption at enrollment | ||
| 2–4 times a week | 238 (10.1) | 434 (9) |
| Once a week | 1506 (64.2) | 2986 (61) |
| 1–3 times per month | 460 (19.6) | 1045 (21) |
| Less than once per month | 110 (4.7) | 303 (6) |
| Never | 31 (1.3) | 66 (1.4) |
| History of soil consumption at enrollment | ||
| Daily (5–7 times) | 36 (1.5) | 241 (5) |
| 2–4 times a week | 36 (1.5) | 206 (4) |
| Once a week | 38 (1.6) | 176 (4) |
| 1–3 times per month | 30 (1.3) | 203 (4) |
| Less than once per month | 92 (3.9) | 388 (8) |
| Never | 2114 (90.1) | 3617 (74) |
| Average iron supplement adherencea | 0.91 (0.22) | 0.90 (0.23) |
| Baseline iron intake (mg)a | 7.9 (3.9) | 8 (3.7) |
| Baseline vitamin C intake (mg)a | 68.6 (117.9) | 69.3 (121.7) |
| Baseline vitamin B12 intake (μg)a | 3.7 (23.7) | 3.7 (24.5) |
| Baseline vitamin B6 intake (mg)a | 0.94 (0.6) | 0.93 (0.6) |
| Baseline folate intake (mg)a | 185.8(139.6) | 186.9(145.6) |
| Baseline heme iron intake (mg)a | 0.56 (1.6) | 0.55 (1.7) |
| Medical characteristics (self report) | ||
| History of eclampsia | 22 (1) | 38 (1) |
| Fansidar this pregnancy | 406 (17) | 805 (17) |
| Diarrhea this pregnancy | 89 (4) | 169 (4) |
| Vaginal bleeding this pregnancy | 116 (5) | 205 (4) |
| Malaria this pregnancy | 716 (30) | 1314 (27) |
| Chlamydia | 7 (1.6) | 23 (3) |
| Delivery characteristics | ||
| When/how delivery information collected | ||
| Time of delivery | 1521 (77) | 3073 (76) |
| Delivery register labor ward (after delivery) | 95 (5) | 246 (5) |
| Client case notes | 18 (1) | 50 (1) |
| Family member/friend/neighbor | 43 (2) | 79 (2) |
| Medical attendant (recalled information) | 2 (0.1) | 2(0.04) |
| ANC or MCH card/medical record | 64 (3) | 122 (3) |
| Subsequent hospital admission | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.02) |
| Mother herself/client | 213 (10) | 418 (9) |
| Other | 17 (1) | 31 (1) |
| Type of delivery | ||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 2029 (88) | 4289 (90) |
| Vacuum extraction | 12 (0.5) | 43 (1) |
| Assisted breech | 38 (2) | 72 (1) |
| Emergency c-section | 189 (8) | 307 (6) |
| Elective c-section | 30 (1) | 49 (1) |
| Hemorrhage at delivery | 9 (0.4) | 19 (0.4) |
| Blood transfusion at delivery | 10 (0.4) | 20 (0.4) |
Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care;
a
BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, maternal and child health; TShs, Tanzanian shillings (US dollar is estimated at ~1250 shillings).
Mean and s.d. mean reported.