Table 4.
Risk factors for recovery from baseline anemia in the postpartum period (Hb ≥11 recovery)
| No. of patients recovered from anemia | Univariate rate ratio (95% CI)a | P-valuea | Multivariate rate ratio (95% CI)a | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) <20 | 440 | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 0.0007 | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.004b |
| 20–24 | 1164 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 25–29 | 838 | 1.13 (1.04,1.24) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | ||
| ≥30 | 519 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| <22 | 775 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.07 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.19) | 0.02c |
| 22–24.99 | 971 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 25–29.99 | 723 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | ||
| ≥30 | 175 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.36) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.20) | ||
| Postpartum BMI (kg/m2)d | |||||
| <22 | 943 | 0.91 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.0001c | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | <0.0001b |
| 22–24.99 | 804 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 25–29.99 | 549 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.37) | ||
| ≥30 | 115 | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | ||
| Baseline MUAC | |||||
| >Median | 1914 | 1.0 | 0.02b | 1.0 | 0.05b |
| ≤Median | 1068 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) | ||
| Postpartum MUACd | |||||
| >Median | 1889 | 1.0 | 0.003c | 1.0 | 0.61b |
| ≤Median | 1093 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | ||
| No. of previous pregnancies | |||||
| 0 (primigravida) | 1285 | 1.0 | 0.02b | 1.0 | 0.34b |
| 1 | 835 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | ||
| 2 | 463 | 1.16 (1.04, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) | ||
| ≥3 | 379 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.22) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | ||
| Weeks gestation at baseline | |||||
| ≥Median | 1152 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 0.45b | ||
| <Median | 1830 | 1.0 | |||
| Baseline CD4 count | |||||
| ≥500 | 117 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| <500 | 2865 | 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.13b | 0.90 (0.74, 1.09) | 0.33b |
| Postpartum CD4 countd | |||||
| ≥500 | 99 | 1.0 | |||
| <500 | 2883 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.48b | ||
| Socio-economic characteristics | |||||
| Per day spending for food | |||||
| >500 | 1106 | 1.0 | |||
| ≤500 | 1876 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.40 | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 991 | 1.0 | |||
| Other | 1991 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.80 | ||
| Education status | |||||
| 0–4 | 387 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.28 | ||
| 5–7 | 1947 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | |||
| 8–11 | 491 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | |||
| 12 or more | 138 | 1.0 | |||
| Owns/possesses | |||||
| Sofa | 2072 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.91 | ||
| No | 910 | 1.0 | |||
| Television | 1022 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.65 | ||
| No | 1960 | 1.0 | |||
| Cohabitates with partner | 571 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 0.48 | ||
| No | 2411 | 1.0 | |||
| Radio | 2434 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 0.37 | ||
| No | 548 | 1.0 | |||
| Refrigerator | 629 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.75 | ||
| No | 2353 | 1.0 | |||
| Fan | 1381 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.40 | ||
| No | 1601 | 1.0 | |||
| Filmer–Pritchett wealth score | |||||
| ≥Median | 1508 | 1.0 | |||
| <Median | 1474 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.63 | ||
| Dietary characteristics | |||||
| Consumed alcohol at enrollment | 281 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.15 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 0.47 |
| No alcohol | 1528 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| History of meat use at enrollment | |||||
| At least one per month | 898 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 0.004 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19) | 0.02 |
| Less | 2084 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| History of soil use at enrollment | |||||
| At least one per month | 2619 | 1.17 (1.04, 1.30) | 0.07 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 0.13 |
| Less | 363 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Fe sups adherence during pregnancy | |||||
| ≤Median | 2314 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 0.003 | 1.12 (1.02, 1.22) | 0.02 |
| >Median | 668 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Breastfeeding since last visit | |||||
| Yes | 85 | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) | 0.004 |
| No | 2897 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Iron intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 123 | 1.0 | 0.25b | ||
| Tertile 2 | 107 | 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) | |||
| Tertile 3 | 95 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) | |||
| Vitamin C intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 110 | 1.0 | 0.12b | 1.0 | 0.44b |
| Tertile 2 | 114 | 1.10 (0.84, 1.43) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.66) | ||
| Tertile 3 | 101 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.64) | ||
| Vitamin B12 intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 179 | 1.0 | 0.37b | ||
| Tertile 2 | 43 | 0.97 (0.69, 1.36) | |||
| Tertile 3 | 103 | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | |||
| Vitamin B6 intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 113 | 1.0 | 0.002c | 1.0 | 0.0005c |
| Tertile 2 | 118 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.29) | ||
| Tertile 3 | 94 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | ||
| Folate intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 117 | 1.0 | 0.13b | 1.0 | 0.85b |
| Tertile 2 | 106 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | ||
| Tertile 3 | 102 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | ||
| Heme iron intaked | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 264 | 1.0 | 0.15b | 1.0 | 0.87b |
| Tertile 2 | 59 | 1.08 (0.82, 1.43) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.36) | ||
| Tertile 3 | 2 | 3.82 (0.95, 15.36) | 3.46 (0.82, 14.69) | ||
| Medical characteristics | |||||
| History of eclampsia | 20 | 1.05 (0.67, 1.62) | 0.84 | ||
| No | 2962 | 1.0 | |||
| Fansidar this pregnancy | 511 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.89 | ||
| No | 2471 | 1.0 | |||
| Diarrhea this pregnancy | 106 | 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.09 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.68 |
| No | 2876 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Vaginal bleeding this pregnancy | 119 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | 0.85 | ||
| No | 2863 | 1.0 | |||
| Malaria this pregnancy (prior to enrollment) | 819 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.33 | ||
| No | 2163 | 1.0 | |||
| Presumptive malariad | 264 | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.35 | ||
| No | 2956 | 1.0 | |||
| Postpartum malariad | 835 | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96) | 0.003 | 0.91 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.04 |
| No | 2147 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Chlamydia | 9 | 0.81 (0.42, 1.56) | 0.52 | ||
| No | 2973 | 1.0 | |||
| Delivery characteristics | |||||
| Delivery type | |||||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 2722 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Other | 260 | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.07 |
| Blood loss (hemorrhage/transfusion at delivery) | 15 | 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) | 0.03 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | 0.23 |
| No | 2967 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Fe sups, iron supplements; TSh, Tanzanian shillings
a
CI, confidence interval; risk ratio, confidence intervals and P-values are from Cox proportional hazards models.
b
P-value corresponds to trend test
c
Association was significantly nonlinear. P-value corresponds to test of overall significance.
d
Time-varying covariates. Analysis performed using Andersen–Gill data structure, with 5003 observations during follow-up period.