Table 1. Maternal and child factors in relation to anaemia (Hb < 8.5 g/dl) among children born to HIV-infected women, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| Children at risk | Anaemia rate (/child-year) | Univariate relative risk* | 95% CI | P value* | Adjusted relative risk† | 95% CI | P value† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | ||||||||
| Maternal predictors HIV disease stage | |||||||||
| ≥2 | 158 | 19 | 1.15 | 1.33 | 1.15, 1.54 | 0.0001 | 1.31 | 1.14, 1.51 | 0.0001 |
| 1 | 666 | 81 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| CD4 cell count (/mm3) | |||||||||
| <350 | 293 | 38 | 0.96 | 1.06 | 0.92, 1.23 | 0.43 | – | – | – |
| ≥350 | 488 | 62 | 0.90 | 1.00 | |||||
| Malaria parasite density (/mm3) | |||||||||
| ≥1000 | 111 | 14 | 1.07 | 1.19 | 0.98, 1.43 | 0.08 | 1.22 | 1.04, 1.43 | 0.02 |
| 1–999 | 46 | 6 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 0.88, 1.52 | 0.30 | 1.07 | 0.84, 1.36 | 0.59 |
| None | 663 | 80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Hb (g/dl) | |||||||||
| <8.5 | 222 | 27 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.85, 1.16 | 0.95 | – | – | – |
| ≥8.5 | 595 | 73 | 0.93 | 1.00 | |||||
| Mid upper-arm circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <22 | 22 | 6 | 1.14 | 1.36 | 1.05, 1.76 | 002 | 1.23 | 0.96, 1.57 | 0.10 |
| ≥22 | 779 | 94 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | |||||||||
| <50 | 166 | 20 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.77, 1.14 | 0.51 | – | – | – |
| ≥50 | 645 | 80 | 0.94 | 1.00 | |||||
| Ascaris infestation | |||||||||
| Yes | 41 | 6 | 1.06 | 1.20 | 0.95, 1.52 | 0.12 | 1.15 | 0.94, 1.42 | 0.18 |
| No | 654 | 94 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Abnormal vaginal discharge | |||||||||
| Yes | 106 | 13 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 0.95, 1.40 | 0.16 | 1.12 | 0.93, 1.35 | 0.25 |
| No | 712 | 87 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| >30 | 141 | 17 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.66, 1.10 | 0.22 | 0.94 | 0.73, 1.21 | 0.61 |
| 25–29 | 263 | 32 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.15 | 0.44 | 0.97 | 0.78, 1.21 | 0.79 |
| 20–24 | 328 | 40 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.58, 0.92 | 0.007 | 0.74 | 0.60, 0.92 | 0.01 |
| <20 | 97 | 11 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Education | |||||||||
| No education | 62 | 7 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 0.91, 1.58 | 0.19 | 1.16 | 0.90, 1.49 | 0.26 |
| Some education | 767 | 93 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Child predictors Gestational age at birth (weeks)‡ | |||||||||
| <34 | 60 | 7 | 1.32 | 1.46 | 1.18, 1.80 | 0.0004 | 1.24 | 1.02, 1.50 | 0.03 |
| ≥34 | 769 | 93 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | |||||||||
| <2500 | 78 | 10 | 1.25 | 1.39 | 1.12, 1.74 | 0.003 | 1.26 | 1.04, 1.54 | 0.02 |
| ≥2500 | 693 | 90 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Child-months at risk | |||||||||
|
|
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| HIV-infected§ | |||||||||
| Yes | 1737 | 1.37 | 1.70 | 1.47, 1.97 | <0.0001 | 1.61 | 1.40, 1.85 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 8316 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Malaria§ | |||||||||
| Yes | 681 | 1.34 | 1.52 | 1.25, 1.84 | <0.0001 | 1.52 | 1.25, 1.85 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 9372 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
*
From separate univariate models using generalized estimating equations with a binomial distribution and a log link.
†
From separate multivariate models using generalized estimating equations with a binomial distribution and a log link. The multivariate model included all the variables in the column except gestational age at birth and the following additional variables: maternal trial regimen, daily per capita amount of money spent on food and age child started semi-solid foods.
‡
In an additional model gestational age at birth replaced birth weight.
§
HIV infection and malaria were included as time-dependent covariates.