Table 2.
‘Study Key’ by author and variable(s) for the 36 publications that reported data for the 6 temporal variables of interest. The alphanumeric study code for each study/variable corresponds to data presented in Figures 1–6.
| Part 1
| ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DURATIONS | INTERVALS | |||||||
| Study Key | UES Opening Duration | Laryngeal Closure Duration | Hyoid Movement Duration | Stage Transition Duration | Pharyngeal Transit Time | LC to UES opening duration | ||
| Bisch E et al: Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature in patients with dysphagia resulting from neurologic impairment and in normal subjects. J Speech Hear Res 37: 1041–1049, 1994. | All boluses pooled | 1A | ✓ | |||||
| 1ml, pooled temp | 1B | ✓ | ||||||
| 5ml, pooled temp | 1C | ✓ | ||||||
| 1ml, cold | 1D | ✓ | ||||||
| 1ml, room temp | 1E | ✓ | ||||||
| 5ml, cold | 1F | ✓ | ||||||
| 5ml, room temp | 1G | ✓ | ||||||
| Chi-Fishman G, Sonies, B: Motor strategy in rapid sequential swallowing: New insights. J Speech Lang Hear Res 43: 1481–92, 2000. | 5cc | 2A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 15cc | 2B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Cook IJ et al: Timing of videofluoroscopic, manometric events, and bolus transit during the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Dysphagia 4: 8–15,1989. | 2ml | 3A | ✓ | |||||
| 5ml | 3B | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml | 3C | ✓ | ||||||
| 20ml | 3D | ✓ | ||||||
| Cook IJ et al: Opening mechanisms of the human upper esophageal sphincler. Am J Physiol - Gastro L5: G748–59,1989. | 2ml | 4A | ✓ | |||||
| 5ml | 4B | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml | 4C | ✓ | ||||||
| 20ml | 4D | ✓ | ||||||
| Daniels SK et al: Dysphagia in stroke: Development of a standard method to examine swallowing recovery, J Rehabil Res Dev 21: 347–355,2006. | 5ml | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Daniels SK et al: Effects of verbal cue on bolus flow during swallowing. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 16: 140–147, 2007. | 5ml, cued | 6A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 5ml, noncued | 6B | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Daniels SK et al: Defining and measuring dysphagia following stroke. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 18: 74–81, 2009. | 1ml | 7A | ✓ | |||||
| 5ml | 7B | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml | 7C | ✓ | ||||||
| 20ml | 7D | ✓ | ||||||
| Dantas RO et al: The effect of high- vs low-density barium preparations on the quantitative features of swallowing. Am J Roentgenol 153: 1191–1195, 1989. | 5ml, low density | 8A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 5ml, high density | 8B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10ml, low density | 8C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10ml, high density | 8D | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Dantas RO et al: Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Am J Physiol - Gastr L258: G675–G681, 1990. | 2ml | 9A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 5ml | 9B | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 9C | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 20ml | 9D | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 30ml | 9E | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Dantas RO et al: Biomechanics of cricopharyngeal bars. Gastroenterology 99: 1269–1274, 1990. | 2ml | 10A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 5ml | 10B | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 10C | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 20m: | 10D | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Dantas RO et al: Effect of Gender on Swallow Event Duration Assessed by Videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia 24: 280–284, 2009. | 5ml, women | 11A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 5ml, men | 11B | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml, women | 11C | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml, men | 11D | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Kahrilas PJ et al: Volitional augmentation of upper esophageal sphincter opening during swallowing. Am Physiol - Gastr L260: G450–456, 1991. | 1ml | 12A | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 12B | ✓ | ||||||
| Kang B et al: Influence of Aging on Movement of the Hyoid Bone and Epiglottis during Normal Swallowing: A Motion Analysis. Gerontology 56: 474–482, 2010. | 2ml, <45 yo | 13A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 2ml, 45–54 yo | 13B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 2ml, 55–64yo | 13C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 2ml, >65 yo | 13D | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Kendall KA et al: Timing of events in normal swallowing: A videofluoroscopic study. Dysphagia 15: 74–93, 2000. | 1cc | 14A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 3cc | 14B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 20cc | 14C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Kendall KA et al: Accommodation to changes in bolus viscosity in normal deglutition: A videofluoroscopic study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110: 1059–1065,2001. | 3cc | 15 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Kendall KA et al: Hyoid movement during swallowing in older patients with dysphagia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127: 1224–1229, 2001. | 1cc, young | 16A | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 20cc, young | 16B | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 1cc, old | 16C | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 20cc, old | 16D | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Kem M et al: Comparison of upper esophageal sphincter opening in healthy asymptomatic young and elderly volunteers. Ann Olot Rhinol Laryngol 108: 982–989, 1999. | 5ml, young | 17A | ✓ | |||||
| 5ml, older | 17B | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml, young | 17C | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml, older | 17D | ✓ | ||||||
| Part 2
| ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DURATIONS | INTERVALS | |||||||
| Study Key | UES Opening Duration | Laryngeal Closure Duration | Hyoid Movement Duration | Stage Transition Duration | Pharyngeal Transit Time | LC to UES opening duration | ||
| Kim Y et al: Temporal measurements of pharyngeal swallowing in normal populations. Dysphagia 20: 290–296, 2005. | 5ml, young | 18A | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml, young | 18B | ✓ | ||||||
| 5ml, older | 18C | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml, older | 18D | ✓ | ||||||
| Kim Y et al: Stage transition duration in patients poststroke. Dysphagia 22: 299–315, 2007. | 5ml | 19A | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 19B | ✓ | ||||||
| Lazarus CL et al: Effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and repeated swallows in nonstroke subjects and stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74: 1066–1070, 1993. | 1ml | 20A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 3ml | 20B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 5ml | 20C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Leonard R. McKenzie S: Hyoid-bolus transit Latencies in normal swallow. Dysphagia 21: 183–190, 2006. | 20cc, young | 21A | ✓ | |||||
| 20cc, older | 21B | ✓ | ||||||
| 20cc, young (H1 B1) | 21C | ✓ | ||||||
| 20cc, old<H1 B1> | 21D | ✓ | ||||||
| Lof GL, Robbins J: Test-retest variability in normal swallowing. Dysphagia 4: 236–242, 1990. | 2ml | 22 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Logemann JA et al: Closure mechanisms of laryngeal vestibule during swallow. Am J Physiol - Gastr L262: G338–G344, 1992. | 1ml | 23A | ✓ | |||||
| 5ml | 23B | ✓ | ||||||
| 10ml | 23C | ✓ | ||||||
| 20ml | 23D | ✓ | ||||||
| Logemann JA et al: Temporal and Biomechanical Characteristics of Oropharyngeal Swallow in Younger and Older Men. J Speech Lang Hear Res 43: 1264–1274, 2000. | 1ml | 24A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10ml | 24B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| young | 24C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| older | 24D | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Logemann JA et al: Oropharyngeal swallow in younger and older women: Videofluoroscopic analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res 45: 434–445, 2002. | 1ml | 25A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10ml | 25B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| young | 25C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| older | 25D | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Martin-Harris B et al: Temporal coordination of pharyngeal and laryngeal dynamics with breathing during swallowing: Single liquid swallows. J Appl Physiol 94: 1735–1743, 2003. | 5ml | 26 | ✓ | |||||
| Mendell DA, Logemann JA: A retrospective analysis of the pharyngeal swallow in patients with a clinical diagnosis of GERD compared with normal controls: A pilot study. Dysphagia 17: 220–226, 2002. | All boluses pooled | 27 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Mendell DA, Logemann JA: A retrospective analysis of the pharyngeal swallow in patients with a clinical diagnosis of GERD compared with normal controls: A pilot study. Dysphagia 17: 220–226, 2002. | 20–29 | 28A | ✓ | |||||
| 40–49 | 28B | ✓ | ||||||
| 60–69 | 28C | ✓ | ||||||
| 70–79 | 28D | ✓ | ||||||
| 80–89 | 28E | ✓ | ||||||
| Mokhlesi B et al: Oropharyngeal deglutition in stable COPD. Chest 121: 361–369, 2002. | 3ml | 29A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 5ml | 29B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ohmae Y et al: Timing of glottic closure during normal swallow. Head Neck 17: 394–402, 1995. | 1ml | 30A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 5ml | 30B | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ohmae Y et al: Effects of two breath-holding maneuvers on oropharyngeal swallow. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105: 123–131, 1996. | 5ml | 31 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Palmer JB et al: Coordination of mastication and swallowing. Dysphagia 7: 187–200, 1992. | straw sips | 32 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Park T et al: Initiation and duration of laryngeal closure during the pharyngeal swallow in post-stroke patients. Dysphagia 25: 177–182, 2010. | 5ml | 33A | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 33B | ✓ | ||||||
| Pauloski BR et al: Biomechanical analysis of the pharyngeal swallow in postsurgical patients with anterior tongue and floor of mouth resection and distal flap reconstruction. J Speech Hear Res 38: 110–123, 1995. | 1ml | 34 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Stachler RJ et al: Swallowing of bolus types by postsurgical head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck 16: 413–419, 1994. | 3ml | 35A | ✓ | |||||
| 10ml | 35B | ✓ | ||||||
| Taniguchi H et al: Correspondence between food consistency and suprahyoid muscle activity, tongue pressure, and bolus transit times during the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing. J Appl Physiol 105: 791–799, 2008 | 5ml | 36 | ✓ | |||||