(A) Representative mEPSC recordings from the same neuron in the presence of 20 μM bicuculline (Control), and after TNFα (TNFα). Application of glutamate antagonists to that neuron (CNQX + AP-5) blocked the mEPSCs. The glutamate antagonist treatment completely blocked the mEPSCs in other neurons (n=5). (B) Averaged traces of mEPSCs from the same neuron in Fig. 1A prior (control) and in the presence of TNFα (60 ng/ml) showing the increase in mEPSC amplitude induced by TNFα (TNFα). (C) TNFα concentration enhanced the amplitude of mEPSCs concentration-dependently (n=5–8 for individual concentrations; F (4,24) = 12.30, p<0.0001) with a significant linear trend; r(29)=0.74, p<0.05. (D) TNFα did not to influence the frequency of mEPSCs [F (4,26)=0.22; p>0.05; n=5–8].