Table 3.

Heritability (h²) of hallux valgus, lesser toe deformity and plantar soft tissue atrophy overall and stratified by age and sex in Framingham Foot Study participants

	Men and Women				Men				Women
	All	39-60	61-70	71-100	All	39-60	61-70	71-100	All	39-60	61-70	71-100
Hallux valgus
h2	0.29	0.45	0.15	0.38	0.36	0.84	0.28	N/A	0.39	0.89	0.31	0.39
SE	0.248	0.195	0.279	0.345	0.252	0.750	0.417	N/A	0.122	0.202	0.253	0.231
P-value	3.9 ×10−3	3.7 ×10−3	2.1 ×10−1	8.0 ×10−3	1.2 ×10−1	2.0 ×10−1	2.9 ×10−1	N/A	9.0 ×10−3	3.2 ×10−4	1.6 ×10−1	4.0 ×10−2
Lesser toe deformity
h2	0.56	0.56	0.49	0.65	0.61	0.66	0.64	0.90	0.85	0.60	0.69	0.80
SE	0.107	0.027	0.292	0.116	1.167	0.481	0.361	0.328	0.207	1.180	1.107	0.199
P-value	4.0 ×10−7	5.2 ×10−3	4.5 ×10−3	9.0 ×10−7	6.8 ×10−3	6.0 ×10−	4.0 ×10−2	4.5 ×10−3	2.3 ×10−5	8.0 ×10−2	1.0 ×10−3	1.4 × 10−4
Plantar soft tissue atrophy
h2	0.09	0.73	0.19	0.37	0.24	0.55	0.62	0.64	0.21	0.90	0.11	0.43
SE	0.148	0.329	0.161	0.302	0.321	1.850	0.395	0.205	0.229	0.478	0.58	0.381
P-value	2.5 ×10−1	6.0 ×10−2	2.0 ×10−1	3.8 ×10−3	2.2 ×10−1	4.2×10−	1.0 ×10−1	1.8 ×10−2	1.7 ×10−1	4.6 ×10−2	4.2×10−1	2.8 ×10−2

Note: Overall h² estimates were adjusted by age, sex, and BMI. N/A indicates insufficient informative families available to estimate h²