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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 2.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2013 Jul 2;74(1):128–139. doi: 10.1002/ana.23897

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Reprogramming DS patient fibroblasts into iPSCs. (a) Skin biopsy-derived fibroblasts from patient DS1 before reprogramming. (B–D) After 4-factor retroviral reprogramming, pluripotent stem cell colonies began to form within 10 days (B), were well developed by 30 days (C), and their morphology was similar to a hESC colony from the H7 line (D). (E–G) Patient-specific iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers Oct4 (E), stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4; F), nanog (G) and alkaline phosphatase (AP; H). (I–L) Differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs through EBs (I) led to tissue of ectodermal (J), endodermal (K), and mesodermal (L) lineages. β-tub, neuron-specific β-tubulin; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; α-FP, α-fetoprotein; SMA, smooth muscle actin. Bisbenzimide (BB) nuclear stain is blue in E–G and J–L. Scale bar, 100 µm for A–G; 200 µm for H–J; 50 µm for K, L.