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The effects of VIP neuropeptide upon macrophage TLR4 activation in vitro. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated with LPS in the absence or presence of VIP peptides + H-89 (PKA inhibitor), or DMSO (control). Production of (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-6, (c) IL-12, and (d) IL-10 in culture supernatants. (*p<0.001). Representative of n=3/group.
