. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2013 Jul 12;108(10):10.1111/add.12252. doi: 10.1111/add.12252

Table 1.

Characteristics of the 50 studies identified for review.

Study no.	First author [reference no.]	Year	Country	Study design	N	Male n (%)	Female n (%)	OF the street^d n (%)	ON the street n (%)
1	Abdulmalik [24]	2009	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	340	340 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
2	Abou-Hatab [25]	2010	Egypt	Conference abstracts	100	. (.)	. (.)	.(.)	. (.)
3	Adebiyi [26]	2008	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	360	210 (58)	150 (42)	51 (14)^A,^C	309 (86)
4	Aidan [27]	1997	Zambia	Cross-sectional	100	70 (70)	30 (30)	26 (26)^C	74 (74)
5	Ayaya^b [6]	2001	Kenya	Cross-sectional	141^a	. (.)	. (.)	47 (33)^A	38 (27)
6	Elkoussi [28]	2011	Egypt	Cross-sectional	120	117 (98)	3 (3)	.(.)	.(.)
7	Embleton [13]	2012	Kenya	Cross-sectional	146	114 (78)	32 (22)	98 (67)^A,^B	48 (33)
8	Kayembe [29]	2008	DRC*	Cross-sectional	880	692 (79)	188 (21)	880 (100)^C	0 (0)
9	Kudrati [30]	2008	Sudan	Mixed-methods	432	397 (92)	35 (8)	330 (76)^C	102 (24)
10	Morakinyo [8]	2003	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	180	174 (97)	6 (3)	.(.)	.(.)
11	Nada [31]	2010	Egypt	Cross-sectional	857	727 (85)	130 (15)	.(.)	.(.)
12	Nzimakwe [32]	1994	South Africa	Cross-sectional	50	40 (80)	10 (20)	.(.)	.(.)
13	Okwaraji [33]	1996	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	100	60 (60)	40 (40)	.(.)	.(.)
14	Olley [5]	2006	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	169	151 (89)	18 (11)	.(.)	.(.)
15	Othieno [34]	2000	Kenya	Cross-sectional	50	36 (72)	14 (28)	.(.)	.(.)
16	Project Concern [35]	2002	Zambia	Cross-sectional	1232	1010 (82)	222 (18)	309 (25)^C	761 (62)
17	Salem [36]	2002	Egypt	Cross-sectional	100	100 (100)	0 (0)	94 (94)^A	6 (6)
South and Central America
18	Bezerra [37]	2011	Brazil	Cross-sectional	651	465 (71)	186 (29)	.(.)	.(.)
19	Campos [38]	1994	Brazil	Mixed-methods	376	289 (77)	87 (23)	200 (53)^B	176 (47)
20	Carlini-Cotrim [39]	1988	Brazil	Cross-sectional	120	90 (75)	30 (25)	.(.)	.(.)
21	de Carvalho [10]	2006	Brazil	Cross-sectional	161	128 (80)	33 (20)	.(.)	.(.)
22	Forster [40]	1996	Brazil	Cross-sectional	79^a	67 (85)	12 (15)	31 (39)^B	48 (61)
23	Huang [41]	2004	Bolivia	Cross-sectional	124	85 (69)	39 (31)	124 (100)^A	0
24	Noto [42]	1997	Brazil	Cross-sectional	565	410 (73)	154 (27)	414 (73)^C	148 (27)
25	Obando^b [18]	2004	Costa Rica	Cross-sectional	83	59 (71)	24 (29)	.(.)	.(.)
26	Opaleye^b [19]	2009	Brazil	Cross-sectional	2807	2120 (76)	687 (24)	.(.)	.(.)
27	Pinto [43]	1994	Brazil	Cross-sectional	394	. (.)	. (.)	195 (49)^B	199 (51)
28	Porto^b [20]	1994	Brazil	Cross-sectional	496	463 (93)	33 (7)	395 (80)^A,^B	101 (20)
29	Souza [44]	2010	Honduras	Cohort	236	. (.)	. (.)	.(.)	.(.)
30	Tyler [45]	1991	Columbia	Cross-sectional	94	94 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
31	Wittig [46]	1997	Honduras	Cross-sectional	1244	722 (58)	522 (42)	160 (13)^A,^B	1084 (87)
Asia
32	Bal [47]	2010	India	Cross-sectional	554	362 (65)	192 (35)	.(.)	.(.)
33	Benegal [48]	1998	India	Mixed-methods	281	230 (82)	50 (18)	150 (53)^C	131 (47)
34	Gaidhane [49]	2008	India	Cross-sectional	163	163 (100)	0 (0)	83 (51)^B	80 (49)
35	Khurana [50]	2004	India	Cross-sectional	150	150 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
36	Lamsal [51]	2009	India	Conference abstracts	100	. (.)	. (.)	.(.)	.(.)
37	Njord [52]	2008	Philippines	Cross-sectional	179	107 (60)	72 (40)	179 (100)^C	0 (0)
38	Njord [9]	2010	Philippines	Cross-sectional	311^a	182 (59)	129 (41)	141 (45)^A,^B	171 (55)
39	Pagare [53]	2004	India	Cross-sectional	115	115 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
40	Rai [54]	2002	Nepal	Cross-sectional	118	118 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
41	Tamesis Jr [55]	2003	Philippines	Cross-sectional	22	18 (82)	4 (18)	.(.)	.(.)
42	Techakasem [56]	2006	Thailand	Case–control	21^a	7 (33)	14 (67)	.(.)	.(.)
43	Tiwari [57]	2007	India	Cross-sectional	400	400 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
Europe/Eurasia
44	Alexandrescu [60]	1996	Romania	Cross-sectional	245	. (.)	. (.)	.(.)	.(.)
45	Kissin [61]	2007	Russia	Cross-sectional	313	198 (63)	115 (37)	.(.)	.(.)
46	Olgar [62]	2008	Turkey	Case–control	53^a	53 (100)	0 (0)	.(.)	.(.)
47	Robbins [63]	2010	Ukraine	Cross-sectional	929	706 (76)	223 (24)	.(.)	.(.)
48	Turkmen [64]	2004	Turkey	Cross-sectional	52	50 (96)	2 (4)	1 (2)^C	46 (88)
Middle East
49	Ataei [59]	2010	Iran	Conference abstracts	399	271 (68)	128 (32)	.(.)	.(.)
50	Sherman [58]	2005	Pakistan	Cross-sectional	347	333 (96)	14 (4)	261 (75)^C	41 (12)
	TOTAL				16 987	12 693 (75)	3604 (21)	4169 (25)	3563 (21)

Excludes non-street children from sample.

Drug use data not used in meta-prevalence analysis. Data not reported.

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Categories of street children according to A, B or C:

utilized the UNICEF ON/OF classifications for street children’s inclusion;

reported UNICEF ON/OF classifications in results;

review derived ON/OF classifications based on study results indicating sleeping at ‘home’ or in streets/public places.