Table 3.
Blood pressure and fasting biochemical parameters of rats from all experimental groups
| Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | 18 months | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | HFD | ER | C | HFD | ER | C | HFD | ER | HF/ER | ||
| Blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 374.4 ± 3.7 | 380.3 ± 5.2 | 383.1 ± 5.1 | 365.3 ± 5.0ab | 366.0 ± 6.5 | 384.0 ± 7.1 | 376.7 ± 6.3 | 348.0 ± 8.8a | 387.0 ± 4.5c | 352.4 ± 3.4d | 399.5 ± 1.3cde |
| Systolic (mmHg) | 113.6 ± 1.7 | 114.1 ± 1.7 | 115.9 ± 2.4 | 106.7 ± 2.5ab | 114.6 ± 2.3 | 124.7 ± 2.5bf | 104.9 ± 3.6fg | 104.2 ± 2.0af | 128.6 ± 1.5bc | 114.6 ± 3.9d | 133.5 ± 6.3ce |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 86.5 ± 1.6 | 82.7 ± 1.3 | 92.1 ± 1.8a | 83.6 ± 3.7 | 90.2 ± 2.6a | 97.9 ± 2.0bf | 88.1 ± 3.1g | 90.8 ± 3.4 | 103.6 ± 2.2bc | 82.2 ± 2.3d | 83.5 ± 5.6d |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||||||||
| Glycemia (mg dL−1) | 108.9 ± 3.3 | 116.0 ± 5.6 | 115.6 ± 5.2 | 115.7 ± 8.0 | 127.8 ± 10.6 | 121.1 ± 5.9 | 111.1 ± 4.2 | 105.2 ± 12.4 | 135.8 ± 5.4b | 106.6 ± 4.8d | 111.0 ± 5.7d |
| Insulin (ng mL−1) | 1.83 ± 0.39 | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.12 ± 0.13 | 0.70 ± 0.04b | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 2.08 ± 0.30bf | 0.83 ± 0.07g | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 1.78 ± 0.08bc | 0.65 ± 0.03cd | 1.23 ± 0.44de |
| HOMA-IRi | 9.67 ± 1.93 | 7.92 ± 1.13 | 6.42 ± 0.74 | 4.76 ± 0.52a | 7.40 ± 1.04 | 14.8 ± 2.03bf | 5.68 ± 0.58g | 5.45 ± 0.75 | 14.3 ± 0.87bc | 4.12 ± 0.29d | 8.15 ± 1.16de |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||||
| TC (mg dL−1) | 89.8 ± 7.7 | 81.2 ± 6.2 | 148.2 ± 4.5a | 101.0 ± 15.2b | 107.8 ± 8.2a | 175.6 ± 20.0f | 136.7 ± 10.1 | 104.0 ± 13.6 | 167.4 ± 20.3c | 145.3 ± 15.3h | 161.5 ± 12.9c |
| HDL-c (mg dL−1) | 21.1 ± 1.4 | 39.8 ± 2.4 | 78.4 ± 0.6a | 51.6 ± 7.6b | 59.0 ± 4.8a | 95.0 ± 10.7f | 69.4 ± 8.3 | 62.4 ± 7.5a | 85.4 ± 8.6 | 66.8 ± 4.1 | 82.8 ± 4.3e |
| LDL-c (mg dL−1) | 44.1 ± 4.0 | 14.8 ± 2.3 | 38.2 ± 3.4a | 36.6 ± 7.4a | 18.3 ± 5.4 | 43.6 ± 4.9f | 38.8 ± 9.5 | 28.0 ± 11.0 | 40.6 ± 8.3 | 50.8 ± 6.3 | 51.8 ± 10.7 |
| Triglycerides (mg dL−1) | 56.8 ± 2.1 | 133.2 ± 19.5 | 158.0 ± 16.2 | 61.0 ± 10.1ab | 152.6 ± 11.2 | 185.2 ± 32.8 | 74.0 ± 22.6 | 155.3 ± 27.3 | 207.2 ± 40.8 | 88.6 ± 31.3d | 150.0 ± 16.4e |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM
TC total cholesterol, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C control group, HFD high-fat diet, ER energy-restricted group, HF/ER high-fat diet-fed group of rats that were energy restricted from 12 to 18 months
aP < 0.05 vs. 6-month C; bP < 0.05 vs. 6-month HFD; cP < 0.05 vs. 18-month C; dP < 0.05 vs. 18-month HFD; eP < 0.05 vs. 18-month ER; fP < 0.05 vs. 12-month C; gP < 0.05 vs. 12-month HFD; hP < 0.05 vs. 6-month ER
iHOMA-IR = G∙(I∙22.5−1), where G is fasting glucose (millimoles per liter) and I is fasting insulin (milliunits per liter)