Table 1. Participant characteristics.
| Control (n = 5) | PD-NC (n = 26) | PD-MCI (n = 14) | PDD (n = 12) | ||
| Characteristic | median (min, max) | median (min, max) | median (min, max) | median (min, max) | P value* |
| Age | 67 (50, 75) | 70.5 (45, 77) | 67.5 (62, 79) | 75 (68, 80) | .009 |
| Male | 3 (60.0%) | 18 (69.2%) | 11 (78.6%) | 9 (75.0%) | .863 |
| Education (years) | 13.0 (8, 18) | 13.0 (8, 17) | 11.0 (8, 18) | .217 | |
| Body mass index | 29.4 (27.3, 31.1) | 26.8 (20.7, 39.1) | 27.7 (21.3, 36.3) | 25.0 (19.7, 34.1) | .084 |
| Age of PD onset (years) | 61.4 (43, 72) | 60.3 (42, 73) | 62.3 (48, 75) | .578 | |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 3.0 (0, 13) | 3.0 (0, 7) | 5.5 (1, 10) | .111 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 144.5 (126.1, 266.0) | 160.3 (126.0, 261.9) | 156.9 (123.4, 265.2) | 162.9 (112.6, 200.7) | .988 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 72.5 (54.2, 127.5) | 86.5 (44.2, 161.1) | 83.1 (63.0, 176.5) | 95.1 (54.9, 115.3) | .875 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 53.7 (40.5, 109.9) | 45.7 (31.9, 88.3) | 42.4 (25.5, 75.0) | 47.5 (38.1, 60.8) | .398 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 104.4 (76.2, 224.0) | 97.6 (53.0, 226.7) | 101.4 (40.3, 207.9) | 78.3 (60.3, 196.7) | .293 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 91.3 (80.2, 147.6) | 92.3 (76.7, 116.4) | 106.5 (75.7, 236.1) | 91.3 (62.5, 210.4) | .353 |
| Levodopa equivalent dose (LED) | 730 (52, 1960) | 895 (205, 1833) | 555 (310, 1090) | .387 | |
| PANDA | 22.0 (14, 27) | 25.0 (13, 30) | 23.5 (11, 27) | 10.5 (5, 18) | .0001 |
| MMSE | 28.0 (28, 29) | 29.0 (25, 30) | 28.5 (26, 30) | 23.5 (20, 26) | .0001 |
| UPDRS, part I | 2.0 (0, 4) | 3.0 (1, 6) | 5.0 (3, 11) | .0001 | |
| UPDRS, part III | 1.0 (0, 3) | 21.5 (9, 40) | 32 (7, 55) | 36.5 (16, 48) | .0001 |
PD-NC, Parkinson's disease-Normal Cognition; PD-MCI, Parkinson's disease-Mild Cognitive Impairment; PDD, Parkinson's disease-dementia; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; PANDA, Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.
*
P-values are based on Wilcoxon rank sum tests to assess overall group differences.