Table 1.

Proportion of Cases and Controls Exposed 2 Months Before Bleed Date or Match Date

	Controls, n	Exposed, %	Cases, n	Exposed, %
Charlson Indexa
No comorbidity	30,194	37.0	3440	21.0
Single comorbidity	18,714	22.9	3222	19.7
Multiple or severe	32,728	40.1	9693	59.3
Gastrointestinal
Cirrhosis—none coded	81,385	99.7	16,004	97.9
Cirrhosis only	65	0.1	63	0.4
Cirrhosis—varices	62	0.1	65	0.4
Cirrhosis—ascites	86	0.1	172	1.1
Cirrhosis—encephalopathy	38	0.0	51	0.3
Gastritis, duodenitis, or esophagitis	7904	9.7	3051	18.7
Peptic ulcer	3830	4.7	1852	11.3
Helicobacter pylori	1964	2.4	609	3.7
Angiodysplasia	14	0.0	6	0.0
Mallory-Weiss syndrome	34	0.0	96	0.6
Crohn's disease	222	0.3	114	0.7
GI cancer	2494	3.1	1174	7.2
Lifestyle
Alcohol—not coded	61,536	75.4	11,026	67.4
Alcohol—nondrinker	1485	1.8	375	2.3
Alcohol—ex-drinker	176	0.2	64	0.4
Alcohol—mentioned	4317	5.3	977	6.0
Alcohol—over limits	14,073	17.2	3763	23.0
Alcohol—complications	49	0.1	150	0.9
Smoking—not coded	51,751	63.4	9187	56.2
Smoking—nonsmoker	11,666	14.3	2332	14.3
Smoking—ex-smoker	4075	5.0	888	5.4
Smoking—passive	5574	6.8	1455	8.9
Smoking—current	8570	10.5	2493	15.2
Medications
Aspirin	18,079	22.1	5392	33.0
NSAIDs	12,722	15.6	3820	23.4
COX II inhibitors	1687	2.1	605	3.7
Clopidogrel	1297	1.6	668	4.1
Oral steroids	4135	5.1	1578	9.6
Anticoagulants	3799	4.7	1617	9.9
SSRIs	4813	5.9	2025	12.4
Other diagnoses
Aortic stenosis	782	1.0	350	2.1
Repair of AAA	307	0.4	115	0.7
Dialysis	70	0.1	88	0.5
Confounders
Previous upper GI procedure	10,471	12.8	3438	21.0
PPI	10,909	13.4	4585	28.0
Age (median and interquartile range)	73	57–82	72	57–81

AAA, Abdominal aortic aneursym; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

^aNongastrointestinal comorbidity is catogorized as: Charslon Index = 0 is no comorbidity, Charlson Index = 1 single or comorbidity, and Charlson Index = 2 is multiple or severe comorbidity.