Table 2.
Adjusted Model for Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding All Cases (Age, Year, Practice, and Sex Matched)
| Adjusted OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charlson Index | |||
| No comorbidity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Single comorbidity | 1.43 | 1.35 | 1.52 |
| Multiple or severe | 2.26 | 2.14 | 2.38 |
| Gastrointestinal | |||
| Cirrhosis—none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cirrhosis only | 3.89 | 2.61 | 5.77 |
| Cirrhosis—varices | 3.75 | 2.51 | 5.61 |
| Cirrhosis—ascites | 5.96 | 4.46 | 7.96 |
| Cirrhosis—encephalopathy | 5.05 | 3.14 | 8.10 |
| Gastritis, duodenitis, or esophagitis | 1.46 | 1.39 | 1.55 |
| Peptic ulcer | 2.11 | 1.98 | 2.26 |
| Helicobacter pylori | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.07 |
| Angiodysplasia | 1.67 | 0.58 | 4.80 |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome | 12.39 | 8.16 | 18.82 |
| Crohn's disease | 2.19 | 1.71 | 2.81 |
| GI cancer | 2.13 | 1.97 | 2.31 |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Alcohol—not | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol—nondrinker | 1.25 | 1.10 | 1.42 |
| Alcohol—ex-drinker | 1.39 | 1.01 | 1.92 |
| Alcohol—mentioned | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.14 |
| Alcohol—over limits | 1.42 | 1.35 | 1.49 |
| Alcohol—complications | 9.33 | 6.48 | 13.44 |
| Smoking—not | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Smoking—non-smoker | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.04 |
| Smoking—ex-smoker | 0.94 | 0.86 | 1.02 |
| Smoking—passive | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.11 |
| Smoking—current | 1.29 | 1.22 | 1.37 |
| Medications | |||
| Aspirin | 1.50 | 1.43 | 1.57 |
| NSAIDs | 1.59 | 1.52 | 1.66 |
| COX II inhibitors | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.69 |
| Clopidogrel | 1.74 | 1.57 | 1.94 |
| Oral steroids | 1.38 | 1.29 | 1.48 |
| Anticoagulants | 1.94 | 1.81 | 2.08 |
| SSRIs | 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.83 |
| Other diagnoses | |||
| Aortic stenosis | 1.58 | 1.38 | 1.82 |
| Repair of AAA | 1.29 | 1.02 | 1.64 |
| Dialysis | 3.59 | 2.55 | 5.05 |
| Confounders | |||
| Previous upper GI procedure | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.15 |
| PPI | 1.59 | 1.52 | 1.67 |
| Age | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.10 |
AAA, Abdominal aortic aneurysm; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.