Table 3.
Adjusted Model for Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Stratified by Coding of Peptic Ulcer (Age, Year, Practice, and Sex Matched)
| Peptic ulcer |
Nonpeptic ulcer |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Adjusted OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
| Charlson Indexa | ||||||
| No comorbidity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Single comorbidity | 1.45 | 1.30 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.52 |
| Multiple or severe | 2.28 | 2.06 | 2.52 | 2.27 | 2.13 | 2.42 |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||
| Cirrhosis—none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cirrhosis only | 3.98 | 2.03 | 7.80 | 3.80 | 2.30 | 6.27 |
| Cirrhosis—varices | 2.33 | 0.92 | 5.94 | 4.15 | 2.63 | 6.54 |
| Cirrhosis—ascites | 4.67 | 2.63 | 8.29 | 6.85 | 4.85 | 9.65 |
| Cirrhosis—encephalopathy | 3.16 | 1.39 | 7.20 | 6.66 | 3.70 | 12.01 |
| Gastritis, duodenitis, or esophagitis | 1.22 | 1.10 | 1.36 | 1.58 | 1.48 | 1.68 |
| Peptic ulcer | 4.36 | 3.92 | 4.85 | 1.37 | 1.25 | 1.49 |
| Helicobacter pylori | 1.04 | 0.85 | 1.27 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 1.06 |
| Angiodysplasia | 1.71 | 0.16 | 18.64 | 1.49 | 0.44 | 5.00 |
| Mallory Weiss syndrome | 3.75 | 1.43 | 9.84 | 16.54 | 10.23 | 26.77 |
| Crohns disease | 1.18 | 0.68 | 2.05 | 2.65 | 1.99 | 3.54 |
| GI cancer | 1.45 | 1.23 | 1.69 | 2.45 | 2.23 | 2.70 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Alcohol—not | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol—nondrinker | 1.14 | 0.89 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.11 | 1.51 |
| Alcohol—ex-drinker | 1.58 | 0.89 | 2.81 | 1.30 | 0.88 | 1.93 |
| Alcohol—mentioned | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 1.16 |
| Alcohol—over limits | 1.34 | 1.22 | 1.47 | 1.45 | 1.36 | 1.54 |
| Alcohol—complications | 3.88 | 1.70 | 8.87 | 11.85 | 7.76 | 18.10 |
| Smoking—not | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Smoking—nonsmoker | 0.99 | 0.88 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 1.04 |
| Smoking—ex-smoker | 0.96 | 0.82 | 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.03 |
| Smoking—passive | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.16 |
| Smoking—current | 1.35 | 1.21 | 1.51 | 1.28 | 1.19 | 1.37 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Aspirin | 1.69 | 1.56 | 1.82 | 1.42 | 1.34 | 1.50 |
| NSAIDs | 2.21 | 2.04 | 2.39 | 1.37 | 1.29 | 1.45 |
| COX II inhibitors | 1.81 | 1.51 | 2.17 | 1.42 | 1.24 | 1.62 |
| Clopidogrel | 2.04 | 1.68 | 2.48 | 1.70 | 1.49 | 1.93 |
| Oral steroids | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.49 | 1.40 | 1.29 | 1.51 |
| Anticoagulants | 1.67 | 1.47 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 1.94 | 2.28 |
| SSRIs | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.66 | 1.84 | 1.71 | 1.97 |
| Other diagnoses | ||||||
| Aortic stenosis | 1.79 | 1.41 | 2.26 | 1.46 | 1.23 | 1.75 |
| Repair of AAA | 1.33 | 0.87 | 2.04 | 1.27 | 0.95 | 1.68 |
| Dialysis | 5.56 | 2.95 | 10.48 | 2.92 | 1.94 | 4.41 |
| Confounders | ||||||
| Previous upper GI procedure | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 1.28 |
| PPI | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.91 | 2.01 | 1.90 | 2.13 |
| Age | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.10 |
AAA, Abdominal aortic aneursym; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
a
Nongastrointestinal comorbidity is catogorized as: Charlon Index = 0 is no comorbidity, Charlson Index = 1 single or comorbidity, and Charlson Index = 2 is multiple or severe comorbidity.