Table 5.
Sequential Population Attributable Fractions for Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Strafied by Coding for Peptic Ulcer
| Sequential population attributable fractions,a,b% |
||
|---|---|---|
| Peptic ulcer | Nonpeptic ulcer | |
| Nongastrointestinal comorbidity | 18.44 | 20.50 |
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Cirrhosis | 0.32 | 0.57 |
| Gastritis, duodenitis, or esophagitis | 0.69 | 2.74 |
| Peptic ulcer | 5.31 | 0.69 |
| Helicobacter pylori | 0.05 | −0.07 |
| Angiodysplasia | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome | 0.06 | 0.39 |
| Crohn's disease | 0.02 | 0.19 |
| GI cancer | 0.35 | 1.48 |
| Lifestyle | ||
| Alcohol use | 1.93 | 3.30 |
| Smoking | 0.80 | 0.81 |
| Medications | ||
| Aspirin | 3.99 | 2.42 |
| NSAIDs | 5.40 | 2.00 |
| COX II inhibitors | 0.47 | 0.28 |
| Clopidogrel | 0.38 | 0.35 |
| Oral steroids | 0.36 | 0.66 |
| Anticoagulants | 0.78 | 1.41 |
| SSRIs | 0.74 | 2.02 |
| Other diagnoses | ||
| Aortic stenosis | 0.22 | 0.12 |
| Repair of aorta | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Dialysis | 0.09 | 0.05 |
SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
a
Age, year, practice, and sex matched and adjusted for PPI use, previous upper gastrointestinal procedures and age.
b
The estimate in each row are calculated separately conditional on all the other variables in the model. They should therefore not be interpreted as summing over the column to 100%. Sequential PAF estimates the additional proportion of nonvariceal bleeding cases attributable to each risk factor after cases attributable to all the other risk factors in the model have been removed.